Les candidoses

 
8. Références




1. M. Garnier, V. Delamare, 2002, Dictionnaire des termes de médecine. 27ème édition, Maloine. 

2. Acha P.N. , Szyfres B, 2005, Zoonoses et maladies transmissibles communes à l’Homme et à l’animal, 3ème édition, O.I.E. 

3. E. Pilly, 2006,  Maladies infectieuses et tropicales, 20ème  édition, Vivactis Plus.

4. Chabasse D., Robert R., Marot A., Pihet M., 2006, Candida pathogène, Lavoisier.

5. http://www.environnementsuisse.ch/buwal/fr/publikationen/

6. Eggimann P., Garbino J., Pittet D.(2003) Epidemiology de Candida species infections in critically ill non-immunosuppressed patients. Lancet Infect. Dis., 3: 685-702

7. Mok WY, da Silva MSB, 1984, Mycdelora de the human dermal surfaces, Can J Microbiol, 30: 1205-9 

8. Mok WY, Luizao RC et al., 1984, Ecology de pathogenic yeasts in Amazonian soil, Appl Environ Microbiol, 47: 390-4

9. Hagler AN, De Olivera RB, Mendonca LC, 1982, Yeasts in the intertidal sediments de a polluted estuary in Rio de Janeiro, Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 48(1): 53-6

10. Boiron P, Agis F, Nguyen VH, 1983, Study de yeast flora de medical interest on the beach de Saint Anne in Guadeloupe, Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales, 76(4): 351-6

11. Lopandic K, Zelger S, Banszky LK, Eliskases-Lechner F, Prillinger H, 2006, Identification de yeasts associated with milk products using traditional and molecular techniques, Food Microbiol, 23(4): 341-50

12. Kleinegger CL, Lockhart SR, Vargas K, Soll DR, 1996, Frequency, intensity, species and strains de oral Candida vary as a function de host age, J Clin Microbiol, 34(9): 2246-54

13. Qi QG, Hu T, Zhou XD, 2005, Frequency, species and molecular characterization de oral Candida in hosts de different age in China, J Oral Pathol Med, 34(6): 352-6

14. Collier L, Balows A, Sussman M, 1998, Medical mycology, 9ème édition, Arnold

15. Odds FC, 1988, Candida and candidosis, 2ème edition, Baillière Tindall

16. Rippon JW, 1988, Medical Mycology, 3ème edition, WB Saunders

17. Kwon-Chung KJ, Bennett JE, 1992, Medical Mycology Lea & Febiger

18. Edwards JE, 1995, Candida species, Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 4ème edition, Churchill Livingstone

19. Bodey GP, 1993, Candidiasis: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment, 2ème édition, Raven Press 

20. Lucht E., Nord CE, 1996, Opportunistic oral infections in patients infected with HIV-1. Rev. Med. Microbiol. 7: 151–163

21. Ranganathan K., Hemalatha R., 2006, Oral lesions in HIV infection in developing countries: an overview, Adv Dent Res, 19:63-68

22. Coleman DC, Sullivan DJ, Bennett DE, Moran GP, Barry HJ, Shanley DB, 1997, Candidiasis: the emergence of a novel species, Candida dubliniensis. AIDS, 11(5):557-67

23. Coleman D, Sullivan D, Harrington B, Haynes K, Henman M, Shanley D, Bennett D, Moran G, McCreary C, O’Neill L, 1997, Molecular and phenotypic analysis of Candida dubliniensis: a recently identified species linked with oral candidosis in HIV-infected and AIDS patients. Oral Dis, 3 Suppl 1:S96-101.

24. Sullivan D, Coleman D, 1997, Candida dubliniensis: an emerging opportunistic pathogen, Curr Top Med Mycol, 8(1-2):15-

25. Arendorf, T. M., and D. M. Walker, 1980, The prevalence and intra-oral distribution of Candida albicans in man, Arch. Oral Biol, 25:1–10.

26. Lasker, B. A., C. M. Elie, T. J. Lott, A. Espinel-Ingroff, L. Gallagher, R. J. Kuykendall, M. E. Kellum, W. R. Pruitt, D. W. Warnock, D. Rimland, M. M. McNeil, and E. Reiss, 2001, Molecular epidemiology of Candida albicans strains isolated from the oropharynx of HIV-positive patients at successive clinic visits, Med. Mycol, 39:341–352.

27. Sangeorzan, J. A., S. F. Bradley, X. He, L. T. Zarins, G. L. Ridenour, R. N. Tiballi, and C. A. Kauffman, 1994, Epidemiology of oral candidiasis in HIV-infected patients: colonization, infection, treatment, and emergence of fluconazole resistance, Am  J Med, 97:339–346.

28. Vargas, K. G., and S. Joly, 2002, Carriage frequency, intensity of carriage, and strains of oral yeast species vary in the progression to oral candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus-positive individuals, J. Clin Microbiol, 40:341–350.

29. Yun-Liang Yang, Hsiu-Jung Lo, Chien-Ching Hung, Yichun Li, 2006, Effect of prolonged HAART on oral colonization with Candida and candidiasis, BMC Infectious Diseases, 6:8

30. Martins, M. D., M. Lozano-Chiu, and J. H. Rex, 1998, Declining rates of oropharyngeal candidiasis and carriage of Candida albicans associated with trends toward reduced rates of carriage of fluconazole-resistant C. albicans in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, Clin Infect Dis, 27: 1291–1294.

31. Lopez-Dupla, M., S. P. Mora, G. Pintado, V, O. E. Valencia, P. L. Uriol, M. A. Khamashta, and A. G. Aguado. 1992. Clinical, endoscopic, immunologic, and therapeutic aspects of oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients: a survey of 114 cases. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 87:1771–1776

32. Reef, S. E. and K. H. Mayer. 1995. Opportunistic candidal infections in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: prevention issues and priorities. Clin. Infect. Dis. 21(Suppl. 1):S99–S102.

33. Abgrall, S., I. Charreau, V. Joly, J. Bloch, and J. Reynes. 2001. Risk factors for esophageal candidiasis in a large cohort of HIV-infected patients treated with nucleoside analogues. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 20:346–349.

34. Greenspan, D., E. Komaroff, M. Redford, J. A. Phelan, M. Navazesh, M. E. Alves, H. Kamrath, R. Mulligan, C. E. Barr, and J. S. Greenspan. 2000. Oral mucosal lesions and HIV viral load in the Women’s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS). J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr. 25:44–50.

35. Chiou, C. C., A. H. Groll, C. E. Gonzalez, D. Callender, D. Venzon, P. A. Pizzo, L. Wood, and T. J. Walsh. 2000. Esophageal candidiasis in pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: clinical manifestations and risk factors. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 19:729–734.

36. Fidel, P. L., Jr., J. A. Vazquez, and J. D. Sobel. 1999. Candida glabrata: review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical disease with comparison to C. albicans. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 12:80–96.

37. Bonavina L,  Incarbone R,  Reitano M,  Tortorano A,  Viviani M,  Peracchia A, 2003, Candida colonization in patients with esophageal disease: a prospective clinical stud, Dis Esophagus, 16(2): 70–72

38. Chong VH, Lim CC, 2005, Human immunodeficiency virus and endoscopy: Experience of a general hospital in Singapore, J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 20:722–726.

39. Martins M D, Lozano-Chiu M, Rex J H, 1998, Declining rates of oropharyngeal candidiasis and carriage of Candida albicans associated with trends toward reduced rates of carriage of fluconazole-resistant C. albicans in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis 27:1291-1294

40. Nucci M, Anaissie E, 2001, Revisiting the source of candidemia: skin or gut? Clin Infect Dis, 33: 1959-1967

41. Calandra T, Bille J, Schneider R, Mosimann F, Francioli P, 1989, Clinical significance of Candida isolated from peritoneum in surgical patients, Lancet, 16;2(8677):1437-40
 
42. Sobel, J. D. 1988. Pathogenesis and epidemiology of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 544:547–557.

43. Kent, H. L. 1991. Epidemiology of vaginitis. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 165: 1168–1175.

44. Galask R P, 1989, Vaginal colonization by bacteria and yeast, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 158:993–995.

45. Sparks J M, 1991, Vaginitis, J  Reprod Med, 36:745–752.

46. Richter S S, Galask R P, Messer S, Hollis R J, Diekema D J, Pfaller M A, 2005, Antifungal susceptibilities of Candida species causing vulvovaginitis and epidemiology of recurrent cases,  J Clin Microbiol, 43(5): 2155–2162.

47. Richards MJ, Edwards JR, Culver DH, Gaynes RP, 1999, Nosocomial infections in medical intensive care units in the United States, Crit Care Med, 27:887-892.

48. Schonebeck J, 1972, Asymptomatic candiduria. Prognosis, complications and some clinical considerations. Scand J Urol Nephrol, 6:136-46.

49.  Gubbins PO, Piscitelli SC, Danziger LH, 1993, Candidal urinary tract infections : a comprehensive review of their diagnosis and management. Pharmacotherapy, 13:110-27

50. Goldberg PK, Kozinn PJ, Wise GJ, Nouri N, Brooks RB, 1979, Incidence and significance of candiduria, JAMA, 241:582-4

51.  Chabasse D, 2001, Intérêt de la numération des levures dans les urines. Revue de la littérature et résultats préliminaires d’une enquête multicentrique réalisée dans 15 centres hospitaliers universitaires, Ann Fr Anesth Réanim, 20:400-6

52. Scerpella EC, Alhalel R, 1994, An unusual cause of acute renal failure: bilateral ureteral obstruction due to Candida tropicalis fungus balls, Clin Infect Dis, 18:440-2.

53.  Nassoura Z, Ivatury RR, Simon RJ, Jabbour N, Stahl WM, 1993, Candiduria
as an early marker of disseminated infection in critically ill surgical patients : the role of fluconazole therapy, J Trauma, 35:290-4.

54. Huang CT, Leu HS, 1995, Candiduria as an early marker of disseminated infection in critically ill surgical patients,  J Trauma, 39:616.

55. Foster KW, Ghannoum MA, Elewski BE, 2004, Epidemiologic surveillance of cutaneous fungal infection in the United States from 1999 to 2002. J Am Acad Dermatol, 50(5):748-52.

56. Kirkpatrick CH, 2001, Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 20:197–206.

57. ,Lilic D, Gravenor I, Robson N, Lammas DA, Drysdale P, Calvert JE, Cant AJ, Abinun M, 2003,  Deregulated production of protective cytokines in response to Candida albicans infection in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Infect Immun, 71(10):5690-9.

58. Melville C, Kempley S, Graham J, Berry CL, 1996,  Early onset systemic Candida infection in extremely preterm neonates. Eur J Pediatr, 155: 904–906

59. Oriel JD, Petridge BM, Denny MJ, Coleman JC, 1972, Genital yeast infections, Br Med J, 4:761–764

60. Darmstadt GL, Dinulos JG, Miller Z, 2000, Congenital cutaneous candidiasis: clinical presentation, pathogenesis, and management guidelines, Pediatrics, 105(2):438-44.

61. Ward DB, Fleischer AB Jr, Feldman SR, Krowchuk DP, 2000, Characterization of diaper dermatitis in the United States, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 154:943-946.

62. Aly R, Shirley C, Cunico B, Maibach HI, 1978, Effect of prolonged occlusion on the microbial flora, pH, carbon dioxide and transepidermal water loss on human skin, J Invest Dermatol, 71:378-381.

63. Elewski BE, Charif MA, 1997, Prevalence of onychomycosis in patients attending a dermatology clinic in northeastern Ohio for other conditions, Arch Dermatol, 133:1172–1173.

64. Heikkala H, Stubbs S, 1995, The prevalence of onychomycosis in Finland, Br J Dermatol, 133:699–701.

65. Andre J, Achten G, 1987, Onychomycosis, Int J Dermatol, 26:481– 490.

66. Willemsen M, 1993, Changing pattern in superficial infections: focus on onychomycosis, J Europ Acad Dermatol Venereol, 2 (Suppl. 1), S6-S11.

67. Nolting S, Brautigam M, Weidinger G, 1994, Terbinafine in onychomycosis with involvement by nondermatophytic Fungi, Br J Dermatol, 130 (Suppl 43), 16-21.

68. Foster KW, Ghannoum MA, Elewski BE, 2004, Epidemiologic surveillance of cutaneous fungal infection in the United States from 1999 to 2002, J Am Acad Dermatol, 50(5):748-52.

69. Beck-Sagué CM, Jarvis WR, 1993, Secular trends in the epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections in the United States, 1980-1990, J Infect Dis, 167: 1247-1251.

70. Edmond MB, Wallace SE, McClish DK, Pfaller MA, Jones RN, Wenzel RP, 1999,  Nosocomial bloodstream infections in United States hospitals: a three- year analysis, Clin Infect Dis 29: 239-244

71. Anaissie E, Bodey GP, Kantarjian H, Ro J, Vartivarian SE, Hopfer R, Hoy J, Rolston K, 1989,  New spectrum of fungal infections in patients with cancer, Rev Infect Dis, 11: 369-378.

72. Rex JH, Bennett JE, Sugar AM, Pappas PG, Van der Horst CM, Edwards JE, Washburn RG, Scheld WM, Karchmer AW, Dine AP, Levenstein MJ, Webb CD, for the Candidemia Study Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group,1994, A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with amphotericin B for the treatment of candidemia in patients without neutropenia,  N Engl J Med, 331: 1325-1330.

73. Voss A, Kluytmans JAJW, Koeleman JGM, Spanjaard L, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE, Verbrugh HA, Vos MC, Weersink AYL, Hoogkamp-Korstanje JAA, Meis JFGM, 1996, Occurrence of yeast bloodstream infections between 1987 and 1995 in five Dutch university hospitals, Eur J Clin Microb Infect Dis, 15: 909-912.

74. Viscoli C, Girmenia C, Marinus A, Collette L, Martino P, Lebau B, Spence D, Krcmery V, De Pauw BE, Meunier F, 1999, The Invasive Fungal Infection Group of the EORTC: Candidemia in cancer patients. A prospective, multicenter surveillance study in Europe by the the Invasive Fungal Infection Group (IFIG) of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), Clin Infect Dis, 28: 1071-1079

75. Pfaller MA, Jones RN, Doern GV, Fluit AC, Verhoef J, Sader HS, Messer SA, Houston A, Coffman S, Hollis RJ, and the SENTRY Participant Group (Europe), 1999, International surveillance of blood stream infections due to Candida species in the European SENTRY Program: species distribution and antifungal susceptibility including the investigational triazole and echinocandin agents, Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 35: 19-25.

76. Brown AE,  1990, Overview of fungal infections in cancer patients, Semin Oncol, 17(Suppl. 6):2—5.

77. Jagarlamudi R, Kumar L, Kochupillai V, Kapil A, Banerjee U, Thulkar S,  2000, Infection in acute leukemia: an analysis of 240 febrile episodes, Med Oncol, 17:111—116.

78. Anonymous,  1994, Management of deep candida infection in surgical and intensive care unit patients. British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Working Party,  Intensive Care Med, 20:522—528.

79. Stratov I, Gottlieb T, Bradbury R, O’Kane GM, 1998, Candidaemia in an Australian teaching hospital: relationship to central line and TPN use, J Infect, 36:203—207.

80. Paganini H, Rodriguez BT, Santos P, Seu S, Rosanova MT, 2002, Risk factors for nosocomial candidaemia: a case—control study in children, J Hosp Infect, 50:304—308.

81. Roilides E, Kaditsoglou I, Zahides D, Bibashi E, 1997, Invasive candidosis in pediatric patients, Clin Microbiol Infect, 3:192—197.

82. Alonso-Valle H, Acha O, Garcia-Palomo JD, Farinas-Alvarez C, Fernandez-Mazarrasa C, Farinas MC, 2003, Candidemia in a Invasive Candida epidemiology 167 tertiary care hospital: epidemiology and factors influencing mortality, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 22:254—257.

83. Giamarellou H, 2002, Nosocomial cardiac infections, J Hosp Infect, 50:91–105.

84. Bisbe J, Miro JM, Latorre X, Moreno A, Mallolas J, Gatell JM, de la Bellacasa JP, Soriano E, 1992, Disseminated candidiasis in addicts who use brown heroin: report of 83 cases and review, 15(6):910-23.

85. Collignon PJ, Sorrell TC, 1983, Disseminated candidiasis: evidence of a distinctive syndrome in heroin abusers, Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 24;287(6396):861-2

86. Kirkpatrick CH, 1994, Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, J. Amer. Acad. Dermatol, 31 (Suppl. 2):S14-S17.

87.  Kirkpatrick CH, 1989, Chronic mucucutaneous candidiasis, Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 8:448-456.

88. Coleman R., Hay RJ, 1997, Chronic mucocutaneous candidosis associated with hypothyroidism: a distinct syndrome? Br J Dermatol, 136:24-9.

89. Ahonen P, 1985, Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidosi ectodermal dystrophy (APECED): autosomal recessive inheritance. Clin Genet. 27:535-42.

90. Ishii, T, Y. Suzuki, N. Ando, N. Matsuo, T. Ogata, 2000, Novel mutations of the autoimmune regulator gene in two siblings with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 85:2922-6.

91. Pitkanen, J., V. Doucas, T. Sternsdorf, T. Nakajima, S. Aratani, K. Jensen, H. Will, P. Vahamurto, J. Ollila, M. Vihinen, H. S. Scott, S. E. Antonarakis, J. Kudoh, N. Shimizu, K. Krohn, and P. Peterson, 2000, The autoimmune regulator protein has transcriptional transactivating properties and interacts with the common coactivator CREB-binding protein. J Biol Chem. 275:16802-9.

92. Aaltonen, J., and P. Bjorses. 1999. Cloning of the APECED gene provides new insight into human autoimmunity. Ann Med. 31:111-6.

93. Bjorses, P., M. Pelto-Huikko, J. Kaukonen, J. Aaltonen, L. Peltonen, and I. Ulmanen. 1999. Localization of the APECED protein in distinct nuclear structures. Hum Mol Genet. 8:259-66.¨

94. Brown, J. P., B. Iranpour, and M. N. Gilmour. 1971. Monilial granuloma. Diagnosis and treatment of a case of chronic localized mucocutaneous candidiasis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 31:486-92.

95. Wells, R. S., J. M. Higgs, A. MacDonald, H. Valdimarson, and P. J. L. Holt. 1972. Familial chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Journal of Medical Genetics. 9:302-310.

96. Gatenby, P., A. Basten, and E. Adams. 1980. Thymoma and late onset mucocutaneous candidiasis associated with a plasma inhibitor of cell-mediated immune function. J Clin Lab Immunol. 3:209-16.

97. Kaneko, F., K. Tsuchiya, Y. Miura, K. Kishiyama, Y. Kusakabe, S. Matsumoto, and M. Watanabe. 1982. Clinical observations on a case of immuno-deficiency and thymoma (Good's syndrome) associated with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. J Dermatol. 9:355-65.

98. Montes, L. F., R. Ceballos, M. D. Cooper, M. N. Bradley, and D. E. Bockman. 1972. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, myositis, and thymoma. A new triad. JAMA. 222:1619-23.

99. Rothberg, M. S., L. Eisenbud, and S. Griboff. 1989. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis-thymoma syndrome. A case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 68:411-3.

Okamoto, G. A., J. G. Hall, H. Ochs, C. Jackson, K. Rodaway, and J. Chandler. 1977. New syndrome of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser. 13:117-25.

101. Harms, M., S. Gilardi, P. M. Levy, and J. H. Saurat. 1984. KID syndrome (keratitis, ichthyosis, and deafness) and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Dermatol. 2:1-7.

102. Shiraishi, S., S. Murakami, and Y. Miki. 1994. Oral fluconazole treatment of fungating candidiasis in the keratitis, ichthyosis and deafness (KID) syndrome. Br J Dermatol. 131:904-7.

103. Goldacre, M. J., B. Watt, N. Loudon, L. J. Milne, J. D. Loudon, and M. P. Vessey. 1979. Vaginal microbial flora in normal young women. Br Med J. 1:1450-5.

104. Sobel, J. D., S. Faro, R. W. Force, B. Foxman, W. J. Ledger, P. R. Nyirjesy, R. D. Reed, and P. R. Summers. 1998. Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Epidemiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic considerations. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 178:203-211.

105. Rodin, P., and B. Kolator. 1976. Carriage of yeasts on the penis. Br Med J. 1:1123-4.

106. O'Connor, M. I., and J. D. Sobel. 1986. Epidemiology of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: identification and strain differentiation of Candida albicans. J Infect Dis. 154:358-63.

107. Markos, A. R., A. A. Wade, and M. Walzman. 1992. Oral sex and recurrent vulvo-vaginal candidiasis [letter] [see comments]. Genitourin Med. 68:61-2.

108. Sobel, J. D. 1997. Vaginitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 337:1896-1903.

109. Sobel, J. D., S. Faro, R. W. Force, B. Foxman, W. J. Ledger, P. R. Nyirjesy, R. D. Reed, and P. R. Summers. 1998. Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Epidemiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic considerations. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 178:203-211.

110. O’Driscoll RB, Hopkinson L, Denning DW. 2005, Mold sensitisation allergy is common amongst patients with severe asthma requiring multiple hospital admissions. BMC Pulm Med; 5: 4.

111. Targonski PV, Persky VW, Ramekrishnan V, 1995, Effect of environmental molds on risk of death from asthma during the pollen season. J Allergy Clin Immunol; 95: 955–961.

112. H-J Malling, B Agrell and S Croner, 1986, Diagnosis and immunotherapy of mould allergy, Allergy 41 , pp. 1673–1678.

113. Celenza A, Fothergill J, Kupek E, Shaw RJ, 1996, Thunderstorm associated asthma: a detailed analysis of environmental factors. BMJ; 312: 604–607.

114. Hemmann S, Blaser K, Crameri R, 1997, Allergens of Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida boidinii share IgEbinding epitopes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med; 156: 1956–1962.

115. Paulitsch A, Weger W, Ginter-Hanselmayer G, Marth E, Buzina W, 2006, A 5-year (2000-2004) epidemiological survey of Candida and non-Candida yeast species causing vulvovaginal candidiasis in Graz, Austria. Mycoses. 49(6):471-5.

116. Fogelmark B, Thorn J, Rylander R. , 2001, Inhalation of (1.3)- beta-D-glucan causes airway eosinophilia. Mediators Inflamm; 10: 13–19.

117. Beijer L, Thorn J, Rylander R, 2003, Mould exposure at home relates to inflammatory markers in blood. Eur Respir J; 2: 317–322.

118. Fischer G, Schwabe R, Moller M, Ostrowski R, Dott W, 1999, Species-specific production of microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOC) by airborne fungi from a compost facility. Chemosphere; 39: 795–810.

119. Akiyama K, Shida T, Yasueda H, Mita H, Yanagihara Y, Hasegawa M, Maeda Y, Yamamoto T, Takesako K, Yamaguchi H, 1996, Allergenicity of acid protease secreted by Candida albicans. Allergy. Dec;51(12):887-92

120. Denning DW, O'Driscoll BR, Hogaboam CM, Bowyer P, Niven RM, 2006, The link between fungi and severe asthma: a summary of the evidence, Eur Respir J, 27(3):615-26.

121. Ashman, R. B., J. M. Papadimitriou, A. K. Ott, and J. R. Warmnington. 1990. Antigens and immune responses in Candida albicans infection. Immunol. Cell Biol. 68:1-13.

122. Gumowski P, Lech B, Chaves I, Girard JP. Chronic asthma and rhinitis due to Candida albicans, epidermophyton and trichophyton. Ann Allergy 1987; 59: 48–51.

123. Lee TM, Greenberger PA, Oh S, Patterson R, Roberts M, Liotta JL. Allergic bronchopulmonary candidiasis: case report and suggested diagnostic criteria. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987; 80: 816–820.

124. Pacheco A, Cuevas M, Carbelo B, Maiz L, Pavon MJ, Perez I, Quirce S Eosinophilic lung disease associated with Candida albicans allergy. Eur Respir J. 1998 Aug;12(2):502-4.

125. Faergemann J. Atopic dermatitis and fungi. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002 Oct;15(4):545-63. Review.

126. STEFANIE HEMMANN, KURT BLASER, and RETO CRAMERI Allergens of Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida boidinii Share IgE-binding Epitopes Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., Volume 156, Number 6, December 1997, 1956-1962

127. Fratamico, P. M., W. K. Long, and H. R. Buckley. 1991. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to a 58-kilodalton antigen of Aspergillus fumigatus. Infect. Immun. 59: 316-322

128. Savolainen, J., A. Koivikko, K. Kalimo, E. Nieminen, and M. Viander. 1993. Candida albicans and atopic dermatitis. Clin. Exp. Allergy 23:332–339.

129. Samaranayake LP (1991). Superficial oral fungal infections. CurrOpin Dent 1:415-422.

130.  Axell T, Samaranayake LP, Reichart PA, Olsen 1 (1997). A proposal for reclassification of oral candidiasis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 84:111-1 12.

131. Ghannoum MA, Radwan SS. Candida adherence to epithelial cells. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1990.

132. Manning DJ, Coughlin RP, Poskit EM. Candida in mouth or on dummy? Arch Dis Child 1985;60:381–2.


133. Berdicevsky I, Ben-Aryeh H, Sazargel R, et al. Oral candida in children. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1980;57:37–40.


134. Lucas VS. Association of psychotropic drugs, prevalence of denture-related stomatitis and oral candidosis. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1993;21:313–16.


135. 10 Aldred MJ, Addy M, Bagg J, et al. Oral health in the terminally ill: a cross sectional pilot survey. Spec Care Dentist 1991;11:59–62. 

136. Cumming CG, Wight C, Blackwell CL, et al. Denture stomatitis in the elderly. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1990;5:82–5.


137. Holbrook WP, Hjorleifsdottir DV. Occurrence of oral Candida albicans and other yeast-like fungi in edentulous patients in geriatric units in Iceland. Gerodontics 1986;2;153–6.

138. Rodu B, Carpenter JT, Jones MR. The pathogenesis and clinical significance of cytologically detectable oral candida in acute leukaemia. Cancer 1988;62:2042–6.

139. Dupont B, Graybill JR, Armstrong D, et al. Fungal infections in AIDS patients. J Med Vet Mycol 1992; 30(suppl 1):19–28.

140. Moore-Landecker E. Fundamentals of fungi. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River (NJ): Prentice Hall; 1996.

141. Madigan MT, Martinko JM, Parker J. Brock biology of microorganisms. 9th ed. Upper Saddle River (NJ): Prentice Hall;
2000.

142. Goffeau, A., Barrell, B.G., Bussey, H., Davis, R.W., Dujon, B., Feldmann, H., Galibert, F., Hoheisel, J.D., Jacq, C., Johnston, M., et al. 1996. Life with 6000 genes. Science 274: 546, 563–567.

143. van de Peer, Y., S. Chapelle, and R. De Wachter. 1996. A quantitative map of nucleotide substitution rates in bacterial rRNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 24:3381–3391.

144.  van de Peer, Y., J. Jansen, J. De Rijk, and R. De Wachter. 1997. Database on the structure of small ribosomal subunit RNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:111–116.

145. Guillot, J., and E. Gue´ho. 1995. The diversity of Malassezia yeasts confirmed by rRNA sequence and nuclear DNA comparisons. Antonie Leeuwenhoek Int. J. Genet. 67:297–314.

146. Gräser, Y., M. El Fari, R. Vilgalis, F. A. Kuijpers, G. S. de Hoog, W. Presber, and H.-J. Tietz. Phylogeny of the family Arthrodermataceae using sequence analysis of the ribosomal ITS region. Mol. Biol. Evol., in press.

147. Whittaker, R. H. 1969. New concepts of kingdoms of organisms. Science 163:150–160.

148. Gow N, Brown A, Odds F: Fungal morphogenesis and host invasion. Curr Opin Microbiol 2002, 5:366-371.

149.  Saville SP, Lazzell AL, Monteagudo C, Lopez-Ribot JL: Engineered control of cell morphology in vivo reveals distinct roles for yeast and filamentous forms of Candida albicans during infection. Eukaryot Cell 2003, 2:1053-1060.

150. Wightman R, Bates S, Amornrrattanapan P, Sudbery P: In Candida albicans, the Nim1 kinases Gin4 and Hsl1 negatively regulate pseudohypha formation and Gin4 also controls septin organization. J Cell Biol 2004, 164:581-591.

151. Warenda AJ, Konopka JB: Septin function in Candida albicans morphogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2002, 13:2732-2746.

152. Sudbery PE: The germ tubes of Candida albicans hyphae and pseudohyphae show different patterns of septin ring localization. Mol Microbiol 2001, 41:19-31.

153. Crampin H, Finley KR, Gerami-Nejad M, Court H, Gale CA, Berman J, Sudbery PE: Candida albicans hyphae have a Spitzenkörper that is distinct from the polarisome found in yeast and pseudohyphae. J Cell Sci 2005, 118:2935-2947.

154. Sudbery P, Gow N, Berman J: The distinct morphogenic states of Candida albicans. Trends Microbiol 2004, 12:317-324.

155. Olaiya AF, Sogin SJ. 1979. Ploidy determination of Candida albicans. J. Bacteriol. 140:1043– 49

156. WhelanWL,Partridge RM, Magee PT. 1980. Heterozygosity and segregation in Candida albicans. Mol. Gen. Genet. 180:107–13

157. Riggsby WS, Torres-Bauza LJ, Wills JW, Townes TM. 1982. DNA content, kinetic complexity, and the ploidy question in Candida albicans. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2:853–62


158. Diener AC, Fink GR. 1996. DLH1 is a functional Candida albicans homologue of the meiosis-specific gene DMC1. Genetics 143:769–76

159. Leberer E, Harcus D, Broadbent ID, Clark KL, Dignard D, et al. 1996. Signal transduction through homologs of the Ste20p and Ste7p protein kinases can trigger hyphal formation in the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:13217– 22

160. Tzung KW, Williams RM, Scherer S, Federspiel N, Jones T, et al. 2001. Genomic evidence for a complete sexual cycle in Candida albicans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA98:3249– 53

161. Graser Y, Volovsek M, Arrington J, Schonian G, Presber W, et al. 1996. Molecular markers reveal that population structure of the human pathogen Candida albicans exhibits both clonality and recombination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:12473–77

162. Tibayrenc M. 1997. Are Candida albicans natural populations subdivided? Trends Microbiol. 5:253–57

163. Hull CM, Raisner RM, Johnson AD. 2000. Evidence for mating of the “asexual” yeast Candida albicans in a mammalian host. Science 289:307–10

164. Magee BB, Magee PT. 2000. Induction of mating in Candida albicans by construction of MTLa and MTL_ strains. Science 289:310–13

165. Clutterbuck AJ. 1992. Sexual and parasexual genetics of Aspergillus species. Biotechnology 23:3–18

166. Durand N, Reymond P, Fevre M. 1993. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNAs assessv recombination following an induced parasexual cycle in Penicillium roqueforti. Curr. Genet. 24:417–20

167. Gu YH, Ko WH. 2000. Segregation following interspecific transfer of isolated nuclei between Phytophthora parasitica and P. capsici. Can. J. Microbiol. 46:410–16

168. Sudbery P, Gow N, Berman J: The distinct morphogenic states of Candida albicans. Trends Microbiol 2004, 12:317-324.

169.  Staib P, Morschha¨user J. Chlamydospore formation onStaib agar as a species- specific characteristic on Candida dubliniensis. Mycoses 1999; 42: 521–4.


170. Mosaid AA, Sullivan DJ, Coleman DC. Differentiation of Candida dubliniensis from Candida albicans on Pal’s Agar. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 4787–9.


171. Mosca CO, Moragues MD, Llovo J, Mosaid AA, Coleman DC, Ponto´n J. Casein agar: a useful medium for differentiating Candida dubliniensis from Candida albicans. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 1259–62.

172. Slutsky B, Staebell M, Anderson J, Risen L, Pfaller M, Soll DR. 1987. “White-opaque transition”: a second high-frequency switching system in Candida albicans. J. Bacteriol. 169:189–97

173. Rikkerink EHA, Magee BB, Magee PT. 1988. Opaque-white phenotype transition: a programmed morphological transition in Candida albicans. J. Bacteriol. 170:895– 99

174. Kvaal C, Lachke SA, Srikantha T, Daniels K, McCoy J, Soll DR. 1999. Misexpression of the opaque-phase-specific gene PEP1 (SAP1) inthe white phase of Candida albicans confers increased virulence in a mouse model of cutaneous infection. Infect. Immun. 67:6652– 62

175. Tsuboi R, Ogawa H, Bramono K, Richardson MD, Shankland GS, et al. 1994. Pathogenesis of superficial mycoses. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 32(Suppl. 1):91–104

176. Anderson, J. M., and D. R. Soil. 1987. Unique phenotype of opaque cells in the white-opaque transition of Candida albicans. J. Bacteriol. 169:5579-5588.

177. Anderson, J. M., R. Mihalik, and D. R. Soil. 1990. Ultrastructure and antigenicity of the unique cell and pimple of the Candida opaque phenotype. J. Bacteriol. 172:224-235.

178. Soll DR, High-frequency switching in Candida albicans. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1992 Apr;5(2):183-203.

179. Soares, R. M. A., R. M. A. Soares, D. S. Alviano, J. Angluster, C. S. Alviano, and L. R. Travassos. 2000. Identification of sialic acids on the cell surface of Candida albicans. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1474:262-268.

180. Bishop, C. T., F. Blank, and P. E. Gardner. 1960. The cell wall polysaccharides of Candida albicans: glucan, mannan, and chitin. Can. J. Chem. 38:869-881.

181. Rees, D. A., and W. E. Scott. 1971. Polysaccharide conformation. VI. Computer model-building for linear and branched pyranoglycans. Correlations with biological function. Preliminary assessment of inter-residue forces in aqueous solution. Further interpretation of optical rotation in terms of chain conformation. J. Chem. Soc. Ser. B 1971:469-479.

182. Chattaway, F. W., M. R. Holmes, and J. E. Barlow. 1968. Cell wall composition of the mycelial and blastospore forms of Candida albicans. J. Gen. Microbiol. 51:367-376.

183. Cassone, A. 1989. Cell wall of Candida albicans: its functions and its impact on the host. Curr. Top. Med. Mycol. 3:248–314.

184. Calderone, R. A., and P. C. Braun. 1991. Adherence and receptor relationships of Candida albicans. Microbiol. Rev. 55:1-20

185. Shepherd, M. G. 1987. Cell envelope of Candida albicans. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 15:7-25

186. Shepherd, M. G., R. T. M. Poulter, and P. A. Sullivan. 1985. Candida albicans: biology, genetics, and pathogenicity. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 39:579-614

187. Elorza, M. V., H. Rico, and R. Sentandreu. 1983. Calcofluor white alters the assembly of chitin fibrils in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans cells. J. Gen. Microbiol. 129:1577-1582

188. Molano, J., B. Bowers, and E. Cabib. 1980. Distribution of chitin in the yeast cell wall. An ultrastructural and chemical study. J. Cell Biol. 85:199-212

189. Kobayashi, H., N. Shibata, H. Mitobe, Y. Ohkubo, and S. Suzuki. 1989. Structural study of phosphomannan of yeast-form cells of Candida albicans J-1012 strain with special reference to application of mild acetolysis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 272:364-375

190. Kobayashi, H., N. Shibata, M. Nakada, S. Chaki, K. Mizugami, Y. Ohkubo, and S. Suzuki. 1990. Structural analysis of cell wall phosphomannan of Candida albicans NIH B-792 (serotype B) strain, with special reference to 1H and 13C NMR analyses of acid-labile oligomannosyl residues. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 278:195-204

191. Kobayashi, H., M. Takaku, Y. Nishidate, S. Takahashi, M. Takikawa, N. Shibata, Y. Okawa, and S. Suzuki. 1992. Structure of the D-mannan of the pathogenic yeasts, Candida stellatoidea ATCC 20408 (type II) strain, in comparison with that of C. stellatoidea ATCC 36232 (type I) strain. Carbohydr. Res. 231:105-116

192. Kobayashi, H., N. Shibata, and S. Suzuki. 1992. Evidences for oligomannosyl residues containing both b-1,2 and a-1,2 linkages as a serotype A-specific epitope(s) in mannans of Candida albicans. Infect. Immun. 60:2106-2109

193. Poulain, D., V. Hopwood, and A. Vernes. 1985. Antigenic variability of Candida albicans. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 12:223-270

194. Bobichon, H., D. Gache, and P. Bouchet. 1994. Ultrarapid cryofixation of Candida albicans: evidence for a fibrillar reticulated external layer and mannan channels within the cell wall. Cryo-Lett. 15:161-172.

195. Poulain, D., G. Tronchin, J. F. Dubremetz, and J. Biguet. 1978. Ultrastructure of the cell wall of Candida albicans blastospores: study of its constitutive layers by the use of a cytochemical technique revealing polysaccharides. Ann. Microbiol. (Inst. Pasteur) 129:140-153.

196. Rico, H., F. Miragall, and R. Sentandreu. 1985. Abnormal formation of Candida albicans walls produced by calcofluor white: an ultrastructural and stereologic study. Exp. Mycol. 9:241-253.

197. Yu, L., K. K. Lee, K. Ens, P. C. Doig, M. R. Carpenter, W. Staddon, R. S. Hodges, W. Paranchych, and R. T. Irvin. 1994. Partial characterization of a Candida albicans fimbrial adhesin. Infect. Immun. 62:2834-2842

198. Hazen, K. C., and B. W. Hazen. 1992. Hydrophobic surface protein masking by the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Infect. Immun. 60:1499-1508

199. Kusamichi, M., T. Monodane, M. Tokunaga, and H. Koike. 1990. Influence of surrounding media on preservation of cell wall structure of Candida albicans revealed by low temperature scanning electron microscopy. J. Electron Microsc. 39:477-486

200. Lee, K. K., L. Yu, D. L. Macdonald, W. Paranchych, R. S. Hodges, and R. T. Irvin. 1996. Anti-adhesin antibodies that recognize a receptor-binding motif (adhesintope) inhibit pilus/fimbrial-mediated adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans to asialo-GM1 receptors and human buccal epithelial cell surface receptors. Can. J. Microbiol. 42:479-486

201. Yu, L., K. K. Lee, R. S. Hodges, W. Panachych, and R. T. Irvin. 1994. Adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans to glycosphingolipis (asialo-GM1) receptors is achieved by a conserved receptor-binding domain present on their adhesins. Infect. Immun. 62:5213-5219

202. Yu, L., K. K. Lee, W. Paranchych, R. S. Hodges, and R. T. Irvin. 1996. Use of synthetic peptides to confirm that the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAK pilus adhesin and the Candida albicans fimbrial adhesin possess a homologous receptor-binding domain. Mol. Microbiol. 19:1107-1116

203. Eisenhaber B, Bork P, Eisenhaber F. 2001. Post-translational GPI lipid anchor modification of proteins in kingdoms of life: analysis of protein sequence data from complete genomes. Protein Eng 14: 17-25.

204. Hoyer LL. 2001. The ALS gene family of Candida albicans. Trends Microbiol 9: 176-180. 

205. Klis FM, de Groot P, Hellingwerf K. 2001. Molecular organization of the cell wall of Candida albicans. Med Mycol 39: 1-8. 

206. Sundstrom P. 2002. Adhesion in Candida spp. Cell Microbiol 4: 461-469.

2007. Casanova, M., M. L. Gil, L. Cardefioso, J. P. Martinez, and RI Sentandreu. 1989. Identification of wall-specific antigens synthesized during germ tube formation by Candida albicans. Infect. Immun. 57:262-271.

208. Casanova, M., J. P. Martinez, and W. L. Chaffin. 1990. Fab fragments from a monoclonal antibody against a germ tubespecific mannoprotein block yeast-to-mycelium transition in Candida albicans. Infect. Immun. 58:3810-3812.

209. Chaffin, W. L., and D. M. Stocco. 1983. Cell wall proteins of Candida albicans. Can. J. Microbiol. 29:1438-1444.

210. Elorza, M. V., A. Murgui, and R. Sentandreu. 1985. Dimorphism in Candida albicans: contribution of mannoproteins to the architecture of yeast and mycelial cell walls. J. Gen. Microbiol. 131:2209-2216.

211. Chambers, R. S., M. J. Broughton, R. D. Cannon, A. Carne, G. W. Emerson, and P. A. Sullivan. 1993. An exo-b-(1,3)-glucanase of Candida albicans: purification of the enzyme and molecular cloning of the gene. J. Gen. Microbiol. 139:325-334.

212. Elorza, M. V., A. Marcilla, and R. Sentandreu. 1988. Wall mannoproteins of the yeast and mycelial cells of Candida albicans: nature of the glycosidic bonds and polydispersity of their mannan moieties. J. Gen. Microbiol. 134:2393-2404

213. McCreath, K. J., C. A. Specht, and P. W. Robbins. 1995. Molecular cloning and characterization of chitinase genes from Candida albicans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:2544-2548

214. McCreath, K. J., C. A. Specht, Y. Liu, and P. W. Robbins. 1996. Molecular cloning of a third chitinase gene (CHT1) from Candida albicans. Yeast 12:501-504

215. Cannon, R. D., K. Niimi, H. F. Jenkinson, and M. G. Shepherd. 1994. Molecular cloning and expression of the Candida albicans-b-N-acetylglucosaminidase (HEX1) gene. J. Bacteriol. 176:2640-2647

216. Ruiz-Herrera, J., M. Iranzo, M. V. Elorza, R. Sentandreu, and S. Mormeneo. 1995. Involvement   in the formation of covalent cross-links in the cell wall of Candida albicans. Arch. Microbiol. 164:186-193

217. Naglik, J. R., Challacombe, S. J., Hube, B. (2003). Candida albicans Secreted Aspartyl Proteinases in Virulence and Pathogenesis. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 67: 400-428

218. Sanglard, D., B. Hube, M. Monod, F. C. Odds, and N. A. R. Gow. 1997. A triple deletion of the secreted aspartyl proteinase genes SAP4, SAP5, and SAP6 of Candida albicans causes attenuated virulence. Infect. Immun. 65:3539-3546

219. Martinez-Lopez, R., Monteoliva, L., Diez-Orejas, R., Nombela, C., Gil, C. (2004). The GPI anchored protein CaEcm33p is required for cell wall integrity, morphogenesis and virulence in Candida albicans. Microbiology 150: 3341-3354

220. Goyal, S., and G. K. Khuller. 1992. Phospholipid composition and subcellular distribution in yeast and mycelial forms of Candida albicans. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 30:355-362

221. Ibrahim, A. S., F. Mirbod, S. G. Filler, Y. Banno, G. T. Cole, Y. Kitajima, J. E. Edwards, Jr., Y. Nozawa, and M. A. Ghannoum. 1995. Evidence implicating phospholipase as a virulence factor of Candida albicans. Infect. Immun. 63:1993-1998

222. Pugh, D., and R. A. Cawson. 1975. The cytochemical localization of phospholipase A and lysophospholipase in Candida albicans. Sabouraudia 13:110-115

223. Pugh, D., and R. A. Cawson. 1977. The cytochemical characterization of phospholipase in Candida albicans infecting the chick chorioallantoic membrane. Sabouraudia 15:29-35

224. Takahashi, M., Y. Banno, and Y. Nozawa. 1991. Secreted Candida albicans phospholipases: purification and characterization of two forms of lysophospholipase-transacylase. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 29:193-204

225. Fujino S, Akiyama D, Akaboshi S, Fujita T, Watanabe Y, Tamai Y. Purification and characterization of phospholipase B from Candida utilis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2006 Feb;70(2):377-86.

226. Mirbod, F., Y. Banno, M. A. Ghannoum, A. S. Ibrahim, S. Nakashima, Y. Katajima, G. T. Cole, and Y. Nozawa. 1995. Purification and characterization of lysophospholipase-transacylase (h LPTA) from a highly virulent strain of Candida albicans. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1257:181-188

227. Takahashi, M., Y. Banno, Y. Shikano, S. Mori, and Y. Nozawa. 1991. Purification and characterization of lysophospholipase-transacylase of pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1082:161-169

228. Rüchel, R., B. Böning, and M. Borg. 1986. Characterization of a secretory proteinase of Candida parapsilosis and evidence for the absence of enzyme during infection in vitro. Infect. Immun. 53:411 419

229. Hube B, Hess D, Baker CA et al. The role and relevance of phospholipase D1 during growth and dimorphism of Candida albicans. Microbiology 2001; 147: 879–89.

230. Tsuboi R, Komatsuzaki H, Ogawa H. Induction of an extracellular esterase from Candida albicans and some of its properties. Infect Immun 1996; 64: 2936–40.

231. J. Au-Young, P. W. Robbins (1990) Isolation of a chitin synthase gene (CHS1)from Candida albicans by expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiaeMolecular Microbiology 4 (2), 197–207.

232. J. L. Chen-Wu, J. Zwicker, A. R. Bowen, P. W. Robbins (1992)  Expression of chitin synthase genes during yeast and hyphal growth phases of Candida albicans  Molecular Microbiology 6 (4), 497–502.

233. Sudoh M, Nagahashi S, Doi M, Ohta A, Takagi M, Arisawa M. Cloning of the chitin synthase 3 gene from Candida albicans and its expression during yeast-hyphal transition. Mol Gen Genet. 1993 Nov;241(3-4):351-8.

234. T Mio, T Yabe, M Sudoh, Y Satoh, T Nakajima, M Arisawa and H Yamada-OkabeRole of three chitin synthase genes in the growth of Candida albicans J. Bacteriol., Apr 1996, 2416-2419, Vol 178, No. 8

235. CE Bulawa, DW Miller, LK Henry, and JM Becker Attenuated Virulence of Chitin-Deficient Mutants of Candida albicans Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 November 7; 92(23): 10570–10574. 

236. Compendium Suisse des médicaments 2007, Documed

237. Vicente, M.F., Basilio, A., Cabello, A., Peláez, F. Microbial natural products as a source of antifungals. Clin Microbiol Infect 2003; 9: 15-32

238. Jarvis, B., Figgitt, D.P., Scott, L.J. Micafungin. Drugs 2004; 64: 969- 982.

239. Vázquez, J.A. Anidulafungin: A new echinocandin with a novel profile. Clin Ther 2005; 27: 657-673.

240. Suzuki, S., K. Isono, J. Nagatsu, T. Mizutani, Y. Kawashima, and T. Mizuno. 1965. A new antibiotic, polyoxin A. J. Antibiot. 18:131.

241. Dahn, U., H. Hagenmaier, H. Hohne, W. A. Konig, G. Wolf, and H. Zahner. 1976. Stoffwechselprodukte von Mikroorganismen. 154. Mitteilung. Nikkomycin, ein neuer Hemmstoff der Chitin-synthese bei Pilzen. Arch. Microbiol. 107:143-160.

242. Becker, J. M., N. L. Covert, P. Shenbagamurthi, A. S. Steinfeld, and F. Naider. 1983. Polyoxin D inhibits growth of zoopathogenic fungi. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 23:926-929.

243. Hilenski, L. L., F. Naider, and J. M. Becker. 1986. Polyoxin D inhibits colloidal gold-wheat germ agglutinin labelling of chitin in dimorphic forms of Candida albicans. J. Gen. Microbiol. 132:1441-1451. 

244. Hector, R. F., B. L. Zimmer, and D. Pappagianis. 1991. Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis: nikkomycins, p. 341-353. In H. Yamaguchi et al. (ed.), Recent progress in antifungal chemotherapy. Marcel Dekker, New York.

245. Perfect, J. R., K. A. Wright, and R. F. Hector. 1991. Synergistic interaction of nikkomycin and cilofungin against diverse fungi, p. 369-379. In H. Yamaguchi et al. (ed.), Recent progress in antifungal chemotherapy. Marcel Dekker, New York.

246. Gottlieb, S., Z. Altboum, D. C. Savage, and E. Segal. 1991. Adhesion of Candida albicans to epithelial cells effect of polyoxin D. Mycopathologia 115:197-205.

247. Hector, R. F., and K. Schaller. 1992. Positive interaction of nikkomycins and azoles against Candida albicans in vitro and in vivo. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36:1284-1289. 

248. McCarthy, P. J., P. F. Troke, and K. Gull. 1985. Mechanism of action of nikkomycin and the peptide transport system of Candida albicans. J. Gen. Microbiol. 131:775-780.

249. McCarthy, P. J., D. J. Newman, L. J. Nisbet, and W. D. Kingsbury. 1985. Relative rates of transport of peptidyl drugs by Candida albicans. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 28:494-499.

250. Cohen, J., F. Groyne, and M. Merchez. 1986. Nucleotide sequence and transcriptional analysis in Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae of the C. albicans gene coding for a secreted glucoamylase. Abstracts of the 13th International Conference on Yeast Genetics and Molecular Biology. Yeast 2:S67

251. Manns, J. M., D. M. Mosser, and H. R. Buckley. 1994. Production of a hemolytic factor by Candida albicans. Infect. Immun. 62:5154–5156.

252. Chattaway, F. W., S. Shenolikar, and A. J. E. Barlow. 1974. Release of acid phosphatase and polysaccharide- and protein-containing components from surface of dimorphic forms of Candida albicans by treatment with dithiothreitol. J. Gen. Microbiol. 83:423–426.

253. Shimizu, M. T., A. O. Jorge, C. S. Unterkircher, V. Fantinato, and C. R. Paulo. 1995. Hyaluronidase and chondroitin sulphatase production by different species of Candida. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 33:27–31.

254. Shimizu, M. T., N. Q. Almeida, V. Fantinato, and C. S. Unterkircher. 1996. Studies on hyaluronidase, chondroitin sulphatase, proteinase and phospholipase secreted by Candida species. Mycoses 39:161–167.

255. El Moudni, B., M. H. Rodier, C. Barrault, M. Ghazali, and J. L. Jacquemin. 1995. Purification and characterisation of a metallopeptidase of Candida albicans. J. Med. Microbiol. 43:282–288.

256. Molina, M., R. Cenamor, M. Sa´nchez, and C. Nombela. 1989. Purification and some properties of Candida albicans exo-1,3-b-glucanase. J. Gen. Microbiol. 135:309–314.

257. Casanova, M., M. L. Gil, L. Carden˜oso, J. P. Martı´nez, and R. Sentandreu. 1989. Identification of wall-specific antigens synthesized during germ tube formation by Candida albicans. Infect. Immun. 57:262–271.

258. Marot-Leblond, A., R. Robert, J. Aubry, P. Ezcurra, and J.-M. Senet. 1993. Identification and immunochemical characterization of a germ tube specific antigen of Candida albicans. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 7:175–186.

259. Lo´pez-Ribot, J. L., J. P. Martı´nez, and W. L. Chaffin. 1995. Comparative study of the C3d receptor and 58-kilodalton fibrinogen-binding mannoproteins of Candida albicans. Infect. Immun. 63:2126–2132.

260. Staab, J. F., C. A. Ferrer, and P. Sundstrom. 1996. Developmental expression of a tandemly repeated, proline-and glutamine-rich amino acid motif on hyphal surfaces of Candida albicans. J. Biol. Chem. 271:6298–6305.

261. Bailey, D. A., P. J. F. Feldman, M. Bovey, N. A. R. Gow, and A. J. P. Brown. 1996. The Candida albicans HYR1 gene, which is activated in response to hyphal development, belongs to a gene family encoding yeast cell wall proteins. J. Bacteriol. 178:5353–5360.

262. Alloush, H. M., J. L. Lo´pez-Ribot, and W. L. Chaffin. 1996. Dynamic expression of cell wall proteins of Candida albicans revealed by probes from cDNA clones. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 34:91–97.

263. Deslauriers, N. J. Michaud, B. Carre´, and C. Le´veille´e. 1996. Dynamic expression of cell-surface antigens probed with Candida albicans-specific monoclonal antibodies. Microbiology 142:1239–1248.

264. La Valle, R., C. Bromuro, L. Ranucci, H. M. Muller, A. Crisanti, and A. Cassone. 1995. Molecular cloning and expression of a 70-kilodalton heat shock protein of Candida albicans. Infect. Immun. 63:4039–4045.

265. Matthews, R. C., C. Wells, and J. P. Burnie. 1988. Characterisation and cellular localisation of the immunodominant 47-kDa antigen of Candida albicans. J. Med. Microbiol. 27:227–232.

266. Angiolella, L., M. Facchin, A. Stringaro, B. Maras, N. Simonetti, and A. Cassone. 1996. Identification of a glucan-associated enolase as a main cell wall protein of Candida albicans and an indirect target of lipopeptide antimycotics. J. Infect. Dis. 173:684–690.

267. Alloush, H. M., J. L. Lo´pez-Ribot, B. J. Masten, and W. L. Chaffin. 1997. 3-Phosphoglycerate kinase: a glycolytic enzyme present in the cell wall of Candida albicans. Microbiology 143:321–330.

268. Gil-Navarro, I., M. L. Gil, M. Casanova, J. P. Martı´nez, and D. Gozalbo. 1997. The glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase of Candida albicans is a surface antigen. J. Bacteriol. 179:4992–4999.

269. Shen, H. D., K. B. Choo, H. H. Lee, J. C. Hsieh, W. L. Lin, W. R. Lee, and S. H. Han. 1991. The 40-kilodalton allergen of Candida albicans is an alcohol dehydrogenase: molecular cloning and immunological analysis using monoclonal antibodies. Clin. Exp. Allergy 21:675–681.

270. Hoyer, L. L., S. Scherer, A. R. Shatzman, and G. P. Livi. 1995. Candida albicans ALS1: domains related to a Saccharomyces cerevisiae sexual agglutinin separated by a repeating motif. Mol. Microbiol. 15:39–54.

271. Mager, W. H., and P. Moradas-Ferreira. 1993. Stress response of yeast. Biochem. J. 290:1–13.

272. morphogenetic processes in fungi. EMBO J. 16:1982–1991. 517. Strockbine, N. A., M. T. Largen, S. M. Zweibel, and H. R. Buckley. 1984. Identification and molecular weight characterization of antigens from Candida albicans that are recognized by human sera. Infect. Immun. 43:715– 721.

273. Gil-Navarro, I., M. L. Gil, M. Casanova, J. P. Martı´nez, and D. Gozalbo. 1997. The glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase of Candida albicans is a surface antigen. J. Bacteriol. 179:4992–4999.

274. Ishiguro, A., M. Homma, S. Torii, and K. Tanaka. 1992. Identification of Candida albicans antigens reactive with immunoglobulin E antibody of human sera. Infect. Immun. 60:1550–1557.

274. Segal, E., I. Kremer, and D. Dayan. 1992. Inhibition of adherence of Candida albicans to acrylic by a chitin derivative. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 8:350– 355

275. Olson, E. J., J. E. Standing, N. Griego-Harper, O. A. Hoffman, and A. H. Limper. 1996. Fungal b-glucan interacts with vitronectin and stimulates tumor necrosis factor alpha release from macrophages. Infect. Immun. 64:3548–3554.

276. Ghannoum, M. A., G. R. Burns, K. A. Elteen, and S. S. Radwan. 1986. Experimental evidence for the role of lipids in adherence of Candida spp. to human buccal epithelial cells. Infect. Immun. 54:189–193.

277. Casanova, M., J. L. Lo´pez-Ribot, C. Monteagudo, A. Llombart-Bosch, R. Sentandreu, and J. P. Martı´nez. 1992. Identification of a 58 kilodalton cell surface fibrinogen-binding mannoprotein from Candida albicans. Infect. Immun. 60:4221–4229.

278 Bouali, A., R. Robert, G. Tronchin, and J. M. Senet. 1987. Characterization of binding of human fibrinogen to the surface of germ-tubes and mycelium of Candida albicans. J. Gen. Microbiol. 133:545–551.

279. Lo´pez-Ribot, J. L., M. Casanova, C. Monteagudo, P. Sepu´lveda, and J. P. Martinez. 1994. Evidence for the presence of a high-affinity laminin receptor- like molecule on the surface of Candida albicans yeast cells. Infect. Immun. 62:742–746.

280. Jakab, E., M. Paulsson, F. Ascencio, and A. Ljungh. 1993. Expression of vitronectin and fibronectin binding by Candida albicans yeast cells. APMIS 101:187–193.

281. Klotz, S. A., M. J. Rutten, R. L. Smith, S. R. Babcock, and M. D. Cunning-  ham. 1993. Adherence of Candida albicans to immobilized extracellular matrix proteins is mediated by calcium-dependent surface glycoproteins. Microb. Pathog. 14:133–147.

282. Lopez-Ribot, J. L., and W. L. Chaffin. 1994. Binding of the extracellular matrix component entactin to Candida albicans. Infect. Immun. 62:4564– 4571.

283. Limper, A. H., and J. E. Standing. 1994. Vitronectin interacts with Candida albicans and augments organism attachment to the NR8383 macrophage cell line. Immunol Lett 42:139–144.

284. Critchley, I. A., and L. J. Douglas. 1987. Isolation and partial characterization of an adhesin from Candida albicans. J. Gen. Microbiol. 133:629–636.

285. Tosh, F. D., and L. J. Douglas. 1992. Characterization of a fucoside-binding adhesin of Candida albicans. Infect. Immun. 60:4734–4739.

286. McCourtie, J., and L. J. Douglas. 1985. Extracellular polymer of Candida albicans: isolation, analysis and role in adhesion. J. Gen. Microbiol. 131: 495–503.

287. Lee, K. K., L. Yu, D. L. Macdonald, W. Paranchych, R. S. Hodges, and R. T. Irvin. 1996. Anti-adhesin antibodies that recognize a receptor-binding motif (adhesintope) inhibit pilus/fimbrial-mediated adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans to asialo-GM1 receptors and human buccal epithelial cell surface receptors. Can. J. Microbiol. 42:479–486.

288. Yu, L., K. K. Lee, K. Ens, P. C. Doig, M. R. Carpenter, W. Staddon, R. S. Hodges, W. Paranchych, and R. T. Irvin. 1994. Partial characterization of a Candida albicans fimbrial adhesin. Infect. Immun. 62:2834–2842.

289. Tronchin, G., J. P. Bouchara, R. Robert, and J. M. Senet. 1988. Adherence of Candida albicans germ tubes to plastic: ultrastructural and molecular studies of fibrillar adhesins. Infect. Immun. 56:1987–1993.

290. Li, R.-K., and J. E. Cutler. 1993. Chemical definition of an epitope/adhesion molecule on Candida albicans. J. Biol. Chem. 268:18293–18299.

291. Miyakawa, Y., T. Kuribayashi, K. Kagaya, M. Suzuki, T. Nakase, and Y. Fukazawa. 1992. Role of specific determinant in mannan of Candida albicans serotype A in adherence to human buccal epithelial cells. Infect. Immun. 60:2493–2499.

292. Chaffin, W. L., Lopez-Ribot, J. L., Casanova, M., Gozalbo, D., and Martinez, J. P. (1998) Cell wall and secreted proteins of Candida albicans: identification, function, and expression. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62, 130 –180

293. Shepherd, M. G. 1987. Cell envelope of Candida albicans. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 15:7–25.

294. M. Veen and C. Lang, Interactions of the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway with other lipid pathways Biochem. Soc. Trans. (2005) 33, (1178–1181)

295. Akins, R.A. An update on antifungal targets and mechanisms of resistance in Candida albicans. Med Mycol 2005; 42: 285-318.

296. Leber, R., Fuchsbichler, S., Klobucnikova, V. et al. Molecular mechanism of terbinafine resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47: 3890-3900.

297. Ghannoum, M.A., Rice, L. Antifungal agents: Mode of action, mechanisms of resistance, and correlation of these mechanisms with bacterialn resistance. Clin Microbiol Review 1999; 12: 501-517.

298. Arikan, S, Rex, J.H. New agents for the treatment of systemic fungal infections–Current status. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2002; 7: 3-32.

Mercer EI. Inhibitors of Sterol Biosynthesis and Their Applications. Prog Lipid Res. 1993;32:35 416

300. Baloch RI, Mercer EI. Inhibition of Sterol alpha 8-alpha 7 Isomerase and alpha 14 Reductase by Fenpropiomorph, Tridemorph, and Fenpropidin in Cell-free Enzyme Systems from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Phytochem. 1987;26:663–668.

301. Donlan, R. M. & Costerton, J. W. (2002). Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms. Clin Microbiol Rev 15, 167–193.

302. Douglas, L. J. (2003). Candida biofilms and their role in infection. Trends Microbiol 11, 30–36.

303. Mohammed A. Al-Fattani and L. Julia Douglas Biofilm matrix of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis: chemical composition and role in drug resistance Journal of Medical Microbiology (2006), 55, 999–1008

304. Gow N, Brown A, Odds F: Fungal morphogenesis and host invasion. Curr Opin Microbiol 2002, 5:366-371.

305. Saville SP, Lazzell AL, Monteagudo C, Lopez-Ribot JL: Engineered control of cell morphology in vivo reveals distinct roles for yeast and filamentous forms of Candida albicans during infection. Eukaryot Cell 2003, 2:1053-1060.

306. Cutler J E: Putative virulence factors of Candida albicans. Annu Rev Microbiol 1991,45:187-218.

307. Lo H J, Kohler JR, DiDomenico B, Loebenberg D, Cacciapuoti A, Fink GR: Nonfilamentous C. albicans mutants are avirulent. Cell 1997, 90:939-949.

308. Ernst J.F. (2000) Transcription factors in Candida albicans—environmental control of morphogenesis. Microbiology, 146:, 1763–1774.

309. Lee, K. L., H. R. Buckley, and C. C. Campbell. 1975. An amino acid liquidsynthetic medium for development of mycelial and yeast forms of Candida albicans. Sabouraudia 13:148-153.

310. Bendel, C. M., D. J. Hess, R. M. Garni, M. Henry-Stanley, and C. L. Wells. 2003. Comparative virulence of Candida albicans yeast and filamentous forms in orally and intravenously inoculated mice. Crit. Care Med. 31:501-507.

311. Sudbery, P., N. Gow, and J. Berman. 2004. The distinct morphogenic states of Candida albicans. Trends Microbiol. 12:317-324.

312. Fan, J., V. Chaturvedi, and S. H. Shen. 2002. Identification and phylogenetic analysis of a glucose transporter gene family from the human pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. J. Mol. Evol. 55:336-346.

313. Hudson, D. A., Q. L. Sciascia, R. J. Sanders, G. E. Norris, P. J. Edwards, P. A. Sullivan, and P. C. Farley. 2004. Identification of the dialysable serum inducer of germ-tube formation in Candida albicans. Microbiology 150:3041-3049.

314. Victoria Brown,* Jessica A. Sexton, and Mark Johnston A Glucose Sensor in Candida albicans Eukaryotic Cell, October 2006, p. 1726-1737, Vol. 5, No. 10
 

315. Russell C, Lay KM. 1973. Natural history of Candida species and yeasts in the oral cavities of infants. Arch. Oral Biol. 18:957–62

316. Gorbach SL, Nahas L, Lerner PI,Weinstein L. 1967. Studies of intestinal microflora. I. Effects of diet, age, and periodic sampling on numbers of fecal microorganisms in man. Gastroenterology 53:845–55

317. Soll DR, Galask R, Schmid J, Hanna C, Mac K, Morrow B. 1991. Genetic dissimilarity of commensal strains of Candida spp. carried in different anatomical locations of the same healthy women. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29:1702–10

318. Lo HJ, Kohler JR, DiDomenico B, Loebenberg D, Cacciapuoti A, et al. (1997) Nonfilamentous C. albicans mutants are avirulent. Cell 90: 939–949.


319. Saville SP, Lazzell AL, Monteagudo C, Lopez-Ribot JL (2003) Engineered control of cell morphology in vivo reveals distinct roles for yeast and filamentous forms of Candida albicans during infection. Eukaryot Cell 2: 1053–1060.

320. Scherwitz C (1982) Ultrastructure of human cutaneous candidosis. J Invest Dermatol 78: 200–205.

321. Ray TL, Payne CD (1988) Scanning electron microscopy of epidermal adherence and cavitation in murine candidiasis: A role for Candida acid proteinase. Infect Immun 56: 1942–1949.

322. Montes LF, Wilborn WH (1968) Ultrastructural features of host–parasite relationship in oral candidiasis. J Bacteriol 96: 1349–1356.

323. Garcia-Tamayo J, Castillo G, Martinez AJ (1982) Human genital candidiasis: Histochemistry, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Acta Cytol 26: 7–14.

324. Scherwitz C (1982) Ultrastructure of human cutaneous candidosis. J Invest Dermatol 78: 200–205.

325. Garcia-Tamayo J, Castillo G, Martinez AJ (1982) Human genital candidiasis: Histochemistry, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Acta Cytol 26: 7–14.

326. Stringaro A, Crateri P, Pellegrini G, Arancia G, Cassone A, et al. (1997) Ultrastructural localization of the secretory aspartyl proteinase in Candida albicans cell wall in vitro and in experimentally infected rat vagina. Mycopathologia 137: 95–105.

327. Schaller M, Korting HC, Schafer W, Bastert J, Chen W, et al. (1999) Secreted aspartic proteinase (Sap) activity contributes to tissue damage in a model of human oral candidosis. Mol Microbiol 34: 169–180.

328. Schaller M, Bein M, Korting HC, Baur S, Hamm G, et al. (2003) The secreted aspartyl proteinases Sap1 and Sap2 cause tissue damage in an in vitro model of vaginal candidiasis based on reconstituted human vaginal epithelium. Infect Immun 71: 3227–3234.

329. De Bernardis F, Arancia S, Morelli L, Hube B, Sanglard D, et al. (1999) Evidence that members of the secretory aspartyl proteinase gene family, in particular SAP2, are virulence factors for Candida vaginitis. J Infect Dis 179: 201–208.

330. Park H, Myers CL, Sheppard DC, Phan QT, Sanchez AA, et al. (2005) Role of the fungal Ras-protein kinase A pathway in governing epithelial cell interactions during oropharyngeal candidiasis. Cell Microbiol 7: 499–510.

331. Drago L, Mombelli B, De Vecchi E, Bonaccorso C, Fassina MC, et al. (2000) Candida albicans cellular internalization: A new pathogenic factor? Int J Antimicrob Agents 16: 545–547.

332.Enache E, Eskandari T, Borja L, Wadsworth E, Hoxter B, et al. (1996) Candida albicans adherence to a human oesophageal cell line. Microbiology 142: 2741–2746.

333. Nadir E, Kaufshtein M (2005) Images in clinical medicine. Candida albicans in a peripheral-blood smear. N Engl J Med 353: e9.

334. Phan QT, Fratti RA, Prasadarao NV, Edwards JE Jr, Filler SG (2005) Ncadherin mediates endocytosis of Candida albicans by endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 280: 10455–10461.

335. Belanger PH, Johnston D, Fratti RA, Zhang M, Filler SG (2002) Endocytosis of Candida albicans by vascular endothelial cells is associated with tyrosine phosphorylation of specific host cell proteins. Cell Microbiol 4: 805–812.

336. Phan QT, Belanger PH, Filler SG (2000) Role of hyphal formation in interactions of Candida albicans with endothelial cells. Infect Immun 68: 3485–3490.

337. Lossinsky AS, Jong A, Fiala M, Mukhtar M, Buttle KF, et al. (2006) The histopathology of Candida albicans invasion in neonatal rat tissues and in the human blood–brain barrier in culture revealed by light, scanning, transmission and immunoelectron microscopy. Histol Histopathol 21: 1029–1041.

338. Cannon RD, Hommes AR, Mason AB, Monk BC (1995). Oral Candida: clearance, colonization, or candidiasis? J Dent Res 74:1152-1161.

339. Nikawa H, Nishimura H, Yamamoto T, Samaranayake LP (1995). A novel method to study the hyphal phase of Candida albicans and to evaluate its hydrophobicity. Oral Microbiol Immunol 10:110-114.

340. Biasoli MS, Tosello ME, Magaro HM (2002). Adherence of Candida strains isolated from the human gastrointestinal tract. Mycoses 45:465-459.

341. Villar CC, Kashleva H, Dongari-Bagtzoglou A (2004). Role of Candida albicans polymorphism in interactions with oral epithelial cells. Oral Microbiol Immunol 19:262-269. 

342. Fukayama M, Calderone RA (1991). Adherence of cell surface mutants of Candida albicans to buccal epithelial cells and analyses of the cell surface proteins of the mutants. Infect Immun 59:1341-1345.

343. Klotz SA (1994). Adherence of Candida albicans to endothelial cells is inhibited by prostaglandin 12. Infect Immun 62:1497- 1500.

344. Diamond RD (1993). Interactions of phagocytic cells with Candida and other opportunistic fungi. Arch Med Res 24:361-369. 345. 

345. Bouchara J-P, Tronchin G, Annaix V, Robert R, Senet J-M (1990). Laminin receptors on Candida albicans germ tubes. Infect Immun 58:48-54.

346. Klotz SA, Smith RL (1991). A fibronectin receptor on Candida albicans mediates adherence of the fungus to extracellular matrix. J Infect Dis 163:604-610.

347. Klotz SA, Rutten MJ, Smith RL, Babcock SR, Cunningham MD (1993). Adherence of Candida albicans to immobilized extracellular matrix proteins is mediated by calciumdependent surface glycoproteins. Microb Pathogen 14:133- 147.

348. L6pez-Ribot J-L, Chaffin WL (1994). Binding of the extracellular matrix component entactin to Candida albicans. Infect Immun 62:4564-4571.

348. Negre E, Vogel T, Levanon A, Guy R, Walsh TJ, Roberts DD (1994). The collagen binding domain of fibronectin contains a high affinity binding site for Candida albicans. r Biol Chem 269:22039-22045.

349. Hostetter MK (1994). Adhesins and ligands involved in the interaction of Candida spp. with epithelial and endothelial surfaces. Clin Microbiol Rev 7:29-42.

350. Santoni G, Gismondi A, Liu JH, Punturieri A, Santoni A, Frati L, et al. (1994). Candida albicans expresses a fibronectin receptor antigenically related to x531 integrin. Microbiol 140:2971-2979.

351. Critchley IA, Douglas LJ (1987). Role of glycosides as epithelial cell receptors for Candida albicans. J Gen Microbiol 133:637-643.

352. Tosh FD, Douglas LJ (1992). Characterization of a fucosidebinding adhesin of Candida albicans. Infect Immun 60:4734-4739.

353. Brassart D, Woltz A, Golliard M, Neeser J-R (1991). In vitro inhibition of adhesion of Candida albicans clinical isolates to human buccal epithelial cells by Fuco1->2Gal-bearing complex carbohydrates. Infect Immun 59:1605-1613.

354. Yu L, Lee KK, Ens K, Doig PC, Carpenter MR, Staddon W, et al. (1994). Partial characterization of a Candida albicans fimbrial adhesin. Infect Immun 62:2834-2842.

355. Holmes AR, Gopal PK, Jenkinson HF (1995b). Adherence of Candida albicans to a cell-surface polysaccharide receptor on Streptococcus gordonii. Infect Immun 63: 1827-1834.

356. Kanbe T, Cutler JE (1994). Evidence for adhesin activity in the acid-stable moiety of the phosphomannoprotein cell wall complex of Candida albicans. Infect Immun 62:1662-1668.

357. Cannon RD, Nand AK, Jenkinson HF (1995). Adherence of Candida albicans to human salivary components adsorbed to hydroxylapatite. Microbiol 141:213-219.

358. Hoffman MP, Haidaris CG (1994). Identification and characterization of a Candida albicans-binding proteoglycan secreted from rat submandibular salivary glands. Infect Immun 62:828-836.

359. Justin M. O’Sullivan, Richard D. Cannon, Patrick A. Sullivan and Howard F. Jenkinson, (1997). Identification of salivary basic proline-rich proteins as receptors for Candida albicans,  adhesion Microbiology (1997), 143, 341–348

360. Nikawa H, Hayashi S, Nikawa Y, Hamada T, Samaranayake LP (1993). Interactions between denture lining material, protein pellicles and Candida albicans. Arch Oral Biol 38:631-634.

361. Jenkinson HF, Lala HC, Shepherd MG (1990). Coaggregation of Streptococcus sanguis and other streptococci with Candida albicans. Infect Immun 58:1429-1436.

362. L. Li, S. Redding, and A. Dongari-Bagtzoglou. Candida glabrata, an Emerging Oral Opportunistic PathogenJ Dent Res 86(3):204-215, 2007

363. Fidel PL Jr, Vazquez JA, Sobel JD (1999). Candida glabrata: review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical disease with comparison to C. albicans. Clin Microbiol Rev 12:80-96.

364. Krcmery K Jr (1999). Torulopsis glabrata—an emerging yeast pathogen in cancer patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents 11:1-6.

365. Arendrup M, Horn T, Frimodt-Moller N (2002). In vivo pathogenicity of eight medically relevant Candida species in an animal model. Infection 30:286-291.

366. Biasoli MS, Tosello ME, Magaro HM (2002). Adherence of Candida strains isolated from the human gastrointestinal tract. Mycoses 45:465-459.

367. Luo G, Samaranayake LP (2002). Candida glabrata, an emerging fungal pathogen, exhibits superior relative cell surface hydrophobicity and adhesion to denture acrylic surfaces compared with Candida albicans. APMIS 110:601-610.

368. Kaur R, Domergue R, Zupancic ML, Cormack BP (2005). A yeast by any other name: Candida glabrata and its interaction with the host. Curr Opin Microbiol 8:378-384.

369. Chakrabarti A, Nayak N, Talwar P (1991). In vitro proteinase production by Candida species. Mycopathologia 114:163-168.

370. Samaranayake YH, MacFarlane TW, Samaranayake LP, Aitchison T (1994). The in vitro proteolytic and saccharolytic activity of Candida species cultured in human saliva. Oral Microbiol Immunol 9:229-235.

371. Brockert PJ, Lachke SA, Srikantha T, Pujol C, Galask R, Soll DR (2003). Phenotypic switching and mating type switching of Candida glabrata at sites of colonization. Infect Immun 71:7109-7118.

372. Lachke SA, Joly S, Daniels K, Soll DR (2002). Phenotypic switching and filamentation in Candida glabrata. Microbiology 148:2661-2674.

373. Helmerhorst EJ, Venuleo C, Beri A, Oppenheim FG (2005). Candida glabrata is unusual with respect to its resistance to cationic antifungal proteins. Yeast 22:705-714.

374. Sanglard D, Ischer F, Calabrese D, Majcherczyk PA, Bille J (1999). The ATP binding cassette transporter gene CgCDR1 from Candida glabrata is involved in the resistance of clinical isolates to azole antifungal agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43:2753-2765.

375.  Chandra, J., Mukherjee, P.K., Leidich, S.D., Faddoul, F.F., Hoyer, L.L., Douglas, L.J., Ghannoum, M.A., 2001a. Antifungal resistance of candidal biofilms formed on denture acrylic in vitro. J. Dent. Res. 80, 903–908.

376. Chandra, J., Kuhn, D.M., Mukherjee, P.K., Hoyer, L.L., McCormick, T., Ghannoum, M.A., 2001b. Biofilm formation by the fungal pathogen Candida albicans—development, architecture and drug resistance. J. Bacteriol. 183, 5385–5394.

377. Samaranayake LP (1991). Superficial oral fungal infections. CurrOpin Dent 1:415-422.

378. Axell T, Samaranayake LP, Reichart PA, Olsen(1997). A proposal for reclassification of oral candidiasis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 84:111-1 12.

379. Katou F, Ohtani H, Nakayama T, Ono K, Matsushima K, Saaristo A, et al. (2001). Macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC/CCL22) and CCR4 are involved in the formation of T lymphocyte-dendritic cell clusters in human inflamed skin and secondary lymphoid tissue. Am J Pathol 158:1263-1270. 

380. Krisanaprakornkit S, Jotikasthira D, Dale BA (2003). Intracellular calcium in signaling human beta-defensin-2 expression in oral epithelial cells. J Dent Res 82:877-882.

381. Steele C, Leigh J, Swoboda R, Ozenci H, Fidel PL Jr (2001). Potential role for a carbohydrate moiety in anti-Candida activity of human oral epithelial cells. Infect Immun 69:7091-7099.

382. Nomanbhoy F, Steele C, Yano J, Fidel PL Jr (2002). Vaginal and oral epithelial cell anti-Candida activity. Infect Immun 70:7081-7088.

383. Yano J, Lilly E, Steele C, Fortenberry D, Fidel PL (2005). Oral and vaginal epithelial cell anti-Candida activity is acid-labile and does not require live epithelial cells. Oral Microbiol Immunol 20:199-205.

384. Csato M, Kenderessy AS, Judak R, Dobozy A (1990). Inflammatory mediators are involved in the Candida albicans killing activity of human epidermal cells. Arch Dermatol Res 282:348-350.

385. Brandtzaeg P, Gabrielsen TO, Dale I, Muller F, Steinbakk M, Fagerhol MK (1995). The leucocyte protein L1 (calprotectin): a putative nonspecific defence factor at epithelial surfaces. Adv Exp Med Biol 371(A):201- 206.

386. Dale BA, Kimball JR, Krisanaprakornkit S, Roberts F, Robinovitch M, O'Neal R, et al. (2001). Localized antimicrobial peptide expression in human gingiva. J Periodontal Res 36:285-294.

387. Goodrum KJ, Poulson-Dunlap J (2002). Cytokine responses to group B streptococci induce nitric oxide production in respiratory epithelial cells. Infect Immun 70:49-54.

388. Dongari-Bagtzoglou A, Villar CC, Kashleva H. Candida albicans-infected oral epithelial cells augment the anti-fungal activity of human neutrophils in vitro. Med Mycol. 2005 Sep;43(6):545-9.

389. Ashman RB, Papadimitriou JM (1995). Production and function of cytokines in natural and acquired immunity to Candida albicans infection. Microbiol Rev 59:646-672.

390. Parkos CA (1997). Cell adhesion and migration. I. Neutrophil adhesive interactions with intestinal epithelium. Am J Physiol 273:G763-G768.

391. Liu Y, Buhring HJ, Zen K, Burst SL, Schnell FJ, Williams IR, et al. (2002). Signal regulatory protein (SIRPalpha), a cellular ligand for CD47, regulates neutrophil transmigration. J Biol Chem 277:10028- 10036.

392. Goodrum KJ, Poulson-Dunlap J (2002). Cytokine responses to group B streptococci induce nitric oxide production in respiratory epithelial cells. Infect Immun 70:49-54.

393. Tosi MF, Hamedani A, Brosovich J, Alpert SE (1994). ICAM-1-independent, CD18-dependent adhesion between neutrophils and human airway epithelial cells exposed in vitro to ozone. J Immunol 152:1935-1942.

394. Challacombe SJ (1994). Immunologic aspects of oral candidiasis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 78:202-210.

395. Eversole LR, Reichart PA, Ficarra G, Schmidt-Westhausen A, Romagnoli P, Pimpinelli N (1997). Oral keratinocyte immune responses in HIVassociated candidiasis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 84:372-380.

396. Epstein JB, Hancock PJ, Nantel S (2003). Oral candidiasis in hematopoietic cell transplantation patients: an outcome-based analysis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 96:154-163.

397. Myoken Y, Sugata T, Fujita Y, Kohara T, Mikami Y (2004). Oropharyngeal Candida colonization and infection in neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 97:137-138; author reply 138.

398. Dongari-Bagtzoglou A, Fidel PL Jr. The host cytokine responses and protective immunity in oropharyngeal candidiasis. J Dent Res 2005: 84: 966–977.

399. Ueta E, Osaki T, Yoneda K, Yamamoto T (1993). Functions of salivary polymorphonuclear leukocytes (SPMNs) and peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PPMNs) from healthy individuals and oral cancer patients. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 66:272-278.

400. Tanida T, Ueta E, Tobiume A, Hamada T, Rao F, Osaki T (2001). Influence of aging on candida growth and adhesion regulatory agents in saliva. J Oral Pathol Med 30:328-335.

401. Ueta E, Tanida T, Doi S, Osaki T (2000). Regulation of Candida albicans growth and adhesion by saliva. J Lab Clin Med 136:66-73.

402. Lehrer RI, Cline MJ (1969). Leukocyte myeloperoxidase deficiency and disseminated candidiasis: the role of myeloperoxidase in resistance to Candida infection. J Clin Invest 48:1478-1488.

403. Schaller M, Boeld U, Oberbauer S, Hamm G, Hube B, Korting HC (2004). Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) induce protective Th1-type cytokine epithelial responses in an in vitro model of oral candidosis. Microbiology 150:2807-2813.

404. Nielsen H, Kharazmi A, Faber V (1986). Blood monocyte and neutrophil functions in the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Scand J Immunol 24:291-296.

405. Ellis M, Gupta S, Galant S, Hakim S, VandenVen C, Toy C, et al. (1988). Impaired neutrophil function in patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex: a comprehensive evaluation. J Infect Dis 158:1268-1275.

406. Roilides E, Mertins S, Eddy J, Walsh TJ, Pizzo PA, Rubin M (1990). Impairment of neutrophil chemotactic and bactericidal function in children infected with HIV type 1 and partial reversal after in vitro exposure to GM-CSF. J Pediatrics 117:531-540.

407. Murphy PM, Lane CH, Fauci AS, Gallin JI (1988). Impairment of neutrophil bactericidal capacity in patients with AIDS. J Infect Dis 158:627-631.

408. Pitrak DL, Bak PM, DeMarais P, Novak RM, Andersen BR (1993). Depressed neutrophil superoxide production in HIV infection. J Infect Dis 167:1406-1410.

409. Brettle RP (1997). Bacterial infections in HIV: the extent and nature of the problem. Int J STD AIDS 8:5-15.

410. Coffey MJ, Phare SM, George S, Peters-Golden M, Kazanjian PH (1998). Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor administration to HIV-infected subjects augments reduced leukotriene synthesis and anticryptococcal activity in neutrophils. J Clin Invest 102:663-670.

411. Roilides E, Mertins S, Eddy J, Walsh TJ, Pizzo PA, Rubin M (1990). Impairment of neutrophil chemotactic and bactericidal function in children infected with HIV type 1 and partial reversal after in vitro exposure to GM-CSF. J Pediatrics 117:531-540.

412. Meyer CN, Nielsen H (1996). Priming of neutrophil and monocyte activation in HIV infection. APMIS 104:640-646.

413. Fidel PL Jr (2004). History and new insights into host defense against vaginal candidiasis. Trends Microbiol 12:220-227.

414. Fidel PL Jr (2002a). Distinct protective host defenses against oral and vaginal candidiasis. Med Mycol 40:359-375.

415. Fidel PL Jr (2002b). The protective immune response against vaginal candidiasis: lessons learned from clinical studies and animal models. Int Rev Immunol 21:515-548.

416. Leigh JE, Barousse M, Swoboda RK, Myers T, Hager S, Wolf NA, et al. (2001). Candida-specific systemic cell-mediated immune reactivities in human immunodeficiency virus-positive persons with mucosal candidiasis. J Infect Dis 183:277-285.

417. Kunkl A, Mortara L, Valle MT, Fenoglio D, Terranova MP, Megiovanni AM, et al. (1998). Recognition of antigenic clusters of Candida albicans by T lymphocytes from human immunodeficiency virusinfected persons. J Infect Dis 178:488-496.

418. Deslauriers N, Cote L, Montplaisir S, de Repentigny L (1997). Oral carriage of Candida albicans in murine AIDS. Infect Immun 65:661- 667.

419. Farah CS, Elahi S, Pang G, Gotjamanos T, Seymour GJ, Clancy RL, et al. (2001). T cells augment monocyte and neutrophil function in host resistance against oropharyngeal candidiasis. Infect Immun 69:6110- 6118.

420. Farah CS, Elahi S, Drysdale K, Pang G, Gotjamanos T, Seymour GJ, et al. (2002a). Primary role for CD4(+) T lymphocytes in recovery from oropharyngeal candidiasis. Infect Immun 70:724-731.

421. Elahi S, Pang G, Clancy R, Ashman RB (2000). Cellular and cytokine correlates of mucosal protection in murine model of oral candidiasis. Infect Immun 68:5771-5777.

422. Ashman RB, Papadimitriou JM (1995). Production and function of cytokines in natural and acquired immunity to Candida albicans infection. Microbiol Rev 59:646-672.

423. Zunino SJ, Hudig D (1988). Interactions between human natural killer (NK) lymphocytes and yeast cells: human NK cells do not kill Candida albicans, although C. albicans blocks NK lysis of K562 cells. Infect Immun 56:564-569.

424. Balish E, Warner T, Pierson CJ, Bock DM, Wagner RD (2001). Oroesophageal candidiasis is lethal for transgenic mice with combined natural killer and T-cell defects. Med Mycol 39:261-268.

425. Wozniak KL, Leigh JE, Hager S, Swoboda RK, Fidel PL Jr (2002). A comprehensive study of Candida-specific antibodies in the saliva of human immunodeficiency virus-positive individuals with oropharyngeal candidiasis. J Infect Dis 185:1269-1276.

426. Drobacheff C, Millon L, Monod M, Piarroux R, Robinet E, Laurent R, et al. (2001). Increased serum and salivary immunoglobulins against Candida albicans in HIV-infected patients with oral candidiasis. Clin Chem Lab Med 39:519-526.

427. Shoham S, Levitz SM. The immune response to fungal infections Br J Haematol. 2005 Jun;129(5):569-82

428. Diamond, R.D., Clark, R.A. & Haudenschild, C.C. (1980) Damage to Candida albicans hyphae and pseudohyphae by the myeloperoxidase system and oxidative products of neutrophil metabolism in vitro. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 66, 908–917.

429. Bellocchio, S., Montagnoli, C., Bozza, S., Gaziano, R., Rossi, G., Mambula, S.S., Vecchi, A., Mantovani, A., Levitz, S.M. & Romani, L. (2004) The contribution of the Toll-like/IL-1 receptor superfamily to innate and adaptive immunity to fungal pathogens in vivo. Journal of Immunology, 172, 3059–3069.

430. Romani, L. (2004) Immunity to fungal infections. Natural Review of Immunology, 4, 1–23.

431. Clemons KV, Stevens DA (2001). Overview of host defense mechanisms in systemic mycoses and the basis for immunotherapy. Semin Respir  Infect 16:60-66.

432. d’Ostiani, C.F., Del Sero, G., Bacci, A., Montagnoli, C., Spreca, A., Mencacci, A., Ricciardi-Castagnoli, P. & Romani, L. (2000) Dendritic cells discriminate between yeasts and hyphae of the fungus Candida albicans. Implications for initiation of T helper cell immunity in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 191, 1661–1674.

433. Marcus J, Grossman ME, Yunakov MJ, Rappaport F. Disseminated candidiasis, Candida arthritis, and unilateral skin lesions. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992 Feb;26(2 Pt 2):295-7.

434. Osthoff M, Hilge R, Schulze-Döbold C, Bogner JR. Endogenous endophthalmitis with azole-resistant Candida albicans--Case report and review of the literature. Infection. 2006 Oct;34(5):285-8.

435. Klotz SA, Penn CC, Negvesky GJ, Butrus SI. Fungal and parasitic infections of the eye. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2000 Oct;13(4):662-85

436. Ellis ME, Al-Abdely H, Sandridge A, Greer W, entura W. Fungal endocarditis: evidence in World iterature, 1965±1995. CID 2001; 32: 50±62.

437. Gilleece A, Fenelon L. Nosocomial infective endocarditis.  Hosp Inf 2000; 46: 83-88.

438. Guze L, Pearce M. Hospital-acquired bacterial endocarditis. Arch Intern Med 1963; 112: 56-62.

439. Rubinstein E, Lang R. Fungal endocarditis. Eur Heart J 1995; 16 (Suppl. B): S84-S89.

440. Callen PW, Filly RA, Marcus FS. Ultrasonography and computerised tomography in the evaluation of hepatic micro abscesses in the immunosuppressed patient. Radiology 1980;136:433– 434.

441. Linker CA, De Gregoria MW, Reis CA. Computerised tomography in the diagnosis of systemic candidiasis in patients with acute leukemia. Med Pediatr Oncol 1984;12:380 –5.

442. Anttila VJ, Elonen E, Nordling S, Sivonen A, Ruutu T, Ruutu P. Hepatosplenic candidiasis in patients with acute leukemia, incidence and prognostic implications. Clin Infect Dis 1997;24:375–80.

443. Grois N, Mostbeck G, Scherrer R, Chatt A, Schwarzinger I, Muhm M, et al. Hepatic and splenic abscesses, a common complication of intensive chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia. Ann Hematol 1991;63:33–8.

444. Murillo LA, Newport G, Lan CY, Habelitz S, Dungan J, Agabian NM:Genome-wide transcription profiling of the early phase ofbiofilm formation by Candida albicans. Eukaryot Cell 2005,4:1562-1573.

445. Garcia-Sanchez S, Aubert S, Iraqui I, Janbon G, Ghigo JM, d’Enfert C: Candida albicans biofilms: a developmental state associated with specific and stable gene expression patterns. Eukaryot Cell 2004, 3:536-545.

446. Blankenship JR, Mitchell AP. How to build a biofilm: a fungal perspective. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2006 Dec;9(6):588-94. Epub 2006 Oct 20.

447. Baillie GS, Douglas LJ: Role of dimorphism in the development of Candida albicans biofilms. J Med Microbiol 1999, 48:671-679.

448. Hawser SP, Baillie GS, Douglas LJ: Production of extracellular matrix by Candida albicans biofilms. J Med Microbiol 1998, 47:253-256.

449. Baillie GS, Douglas LJ: Matrix polymers of Candida biofilms and their possible role in biofilm resistance to antifungal agents. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000, 46:397-403.

450. Al-Fattani MA, Douglas LJ: Biofilm matrix of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis: chemical composition and role in drug resistance. J Med Microbiol 2006, 55:999-1008.

451. Keller L, Surette MG: Communication in bacteria: an ecological and evolutionary perspective. Nat Rev Microbiol 2006, 4:249-258.

452. Hornby JM, Jensen EC, Lisec AD, Tasto JJ, Jahnke B, Shoemaker R, Dussault P, Nickerson KW: Quorum sensing in the dimorphic fungus Candida albicans is mediated by farnesol. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001, 67:2982-2992.

453. Greenberg EP: Bacterial communication and group behavior. J Clin Invest 2003, 112:1288-1290.

454. Donlan RM, Costerton JW. Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002 Apr;15(2):167-93. 

455. Lawrence, J. R., D. R. Korber, B. D. Hoyle, and J. W. Costerton. 1991. Optical sectioning of microbial biofilms. J. Bacteriol. 173:6558-6567

456. Munk PL, Lee MJ, Poon PY, O’Connell JX, Coupland DB, Janzen DL, Logan PM, Dvorak MF. Candida osteomyelitis of the lumbar spine. Skeletal Radiol 1997;26:42—6.

457. Arias F, Mata-Essayag S, Landaeta ME, Capriles CH, Perez C, Nunez MJ, Carvajal A, Silva M. Candida albicans osteomyelitis: case report and literature review. Int J Infect Dis. 2004 Sep;8(5):307-14. Review.

458. Torres-Ramos FM, Botwin K, Shah CP. Candida spondylodiscitis: an unusual case of thoracolumbar pain with review of imaging findings and description of the clinical condition. Pain Physician. 2004 Apr;7(2):257-60.

459. Rodriguez D, Almirante B, Park BJ, Cuenca-Estrella M, Planes AM, Sanchez F, Gene A, Xercavins M, Fontanals D, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Warnock DW, Pahissa A; Barcelona Candidemia Project Study Group. Candidemia in neonatal intensive care units: Barcelona, Spain. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006 Mar;25(3):224-9.

460. Casado, J. L., Quereda, C., Oliva, J., Navas, E., Moreno, A., Pintado, V., Cobo, J., & Corral, I. (1997). Candidal meningitis in HIV-infected patients: analysis of 14 cases. Clin Infect Dis, 25, 673–676.

461. Nguyen, M. H. & Yu, V. L. (1995). Meningitis caused by Candida species: an emerging problem in neurosurgical patients. Clin Infect Dis, 21, 323–327.

462. Sanchez-Portocarrero J, Perez-Cecilia E, Corral O, Romero-Vivas J, Picazo JJ. The central nervous system and infection by Candida species. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2000 Jul;37(3):169-79. Review.  PMID: 10904190 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

463. El-Ebiary M, Torres A, Fabrega N, de la Bellacasa JP, Gonzalez J, Ramirez J, et al. Significance of the isolation of
Candida species from respiratory samples in critically ill, non-neutropenic patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;156:583–90.

464. Rodriguez LJ, Anaissie EJ, Rex JH. Candida. In: Sarosi GA, Davies SF, editors. Fungal disease of the lung. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000:115–22.

465. Wingard JR, Merz WG, Rinaldi MG, Johnson TR, Karp JE, Saral R. Increase in Candida krusei infection among patients
with bone marrow transplantation and neutropenia treated prophylactically with fluconazole. N Engl J Med. 1991; 325:1274–7.


466. Tortorano AM, Peman J, Bernhardt H, Klingspor L, Kibbler CC, Faure O, et al. ECMM Working Group on Candidaemia. Epidemiology of candidaemia in Europe: results of 28-month European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) hospital-based surveillance study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004;23:317–22.

467. Pagano L, Caira M, Fianchi L. Pulmonary fungal infection with yeasts and pneumocystis in patients with hematological malignancy. Ann Med. 2005;37(4):259-69. Review.

468. Samson J. Candidoses buccales: épidémiologie, diagnostic et traitement. Rev Mens Suisse Odontostomatol 1999,100: 548-559 . 

469. Farah CS, Ashman RB, Challacombe SJ. Oral candidosis. Clin Dermatol. 2000 Sep-Oct;18(5):553-62

470. Sharma G, Pai KM, Suhas S, Ramapuram JT, Doshi D, Anup N. Oral manifestations in HIV/AIDS infected patients from India. Oral Dis. 2006 Nov;12(6):537-42.

471. Palmer GD, Robinson PG, Challacombe SJ, et al. Aetio- 560 FARAH ET AL. Clinics in Dermatology Y 2000;18:553–562 logical factors for oral manifestations of HIV. Oral Dis 1996;2:193–7.

472. Agbo-Godeau S, Guedj A. Mycoses buccales. 2005. EMC 22-045-M-10

473. Finlay IG. Oral symptoms and Candida in the terminally ill. Br Med J 1986;292:592–3.

474. Kostiala I, Kostiala AAI, Kahanpaa A. Acute fungal stomatitis in patients with haematologic malignancies: Quantity and species of fungi. J Infect Dis 1982;146:101.

475. Samaranayake LP, Holmstrup P. Oral candidiasis and human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Oral Pathol Med 1989;18:554–64.

476. Samson J, Carrel J.-P., Pessotto S. Les candidoses buccales, Rev Med Suisse Rom 1998, 118, 51-56.

477. Terai H, Shimahara M. Partial atrophic tongue other than median rhomboid glossitis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2007 Jul;32(4):381-4. Epub 2007 Apr 18.

478. Terai H, Shimahara M. Atrophic tongue associated with Candida. J Oral Pathol Med. 2005 Aug;34(7):397-400.

479. Lago-Mendez L, Blanco-Carrion A, Diniz-Freitas M, Gandara-Vila P, Garcia-Garcia A, Gandara-Rey JM. Rhomboid glossitis in atypical location: case report and differential diagnosis. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2005 Mar-Apr;10(2):123-7

480. Terai H, Shimahara M. Tongue pain: burning mouth syndrome vs Candida- associated lesion. Oral Dis. 2007 Jul;13(4):440-2.

481. Osaki T, Yoneda K, Yamamoto T, Ueta E, Kimura T. Candidiasis may induce glossodynia without objective manifestation.Am J Med Sci. 2000 Feb;319(2):100-5.

482. Brown RS, Krakow AM. Median rhomboid glossitis and a "kissing" lesion of the palate. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1996 Nov;82(5):472-3.

483. Touyz LZ, Peters E. Candidal infection of the tongue with nonspecific inflammation of the palate. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1987 Mar;63(3):304-8.

484. Budtz-Jorgensen E. The significance of Candida albicans in denture stomatitis. Scand J Dent Res. 1974;82(2):151-90.

485. Samaranayake LP. Superficial oral fungal infections. Curr Opin Dent. 1991 Aug;1(4):415-22.

486. Krogh P, Hald B, Holmstrup P (1987a). Possible mycologic aetiology of oral mucosal cancer: catalytic potential of infecting Candida albicans and other yeasts in production of N-nitrosobenzylmethylamine. Carcinogenesis 8:1543-1548.

487. Krogh P, Holmstrup P, Thorn JJ, Vedtofte P, Pindborg JJ (1987b). Yeast species and biotypes associated with oral leukoplakia and lichen planus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 63:48-54.

488. Newton AV, 1962, Denture sore mouth: a possiblre aetiology. Br. Dent J, 112:357-360 

489. Budtz-Jorgensen E. Candida-associated denture stomatitis and angular cheilitis. In: Samaranayake LP, MacFarlane TW, editors, Oral candidosis. London: Wright, 1990.

490. Farah CS, Ashman RB, Challacombe SJ. Oral candidosis. Clin Dermatol. 2000 Sep-Oct;18(5):553-62.

491. Budtz-JorgensenE, The significanceo f Candida albicans in denture stomatitis. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research, 1974, 82, 151-190.

492. Iacopino, A. M. and Wathen, W. F., Oral candidalinfection and denture stomatitis: a comprehensivere view, Journal of the America Dental Association, 1992, 123, 46-51

492. Arendorf TM, Walker DM. Denture stomatitis: a review. J Oral Rehabil 1987;14:217-27.

493. Ramage G, Tomsett K, Wickes BL, Lopez-Ribot JL, Redding SW. Denture stomatitis: a role for Candida biofilms. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2004 Jul;98(1):53-9.

494. Williams DM (1969). Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis and squamous carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 81:125-127.

495. McCullough M, Jaber M, Barrett AW, Bain L, Speight P, Porter SR (2002). Oral yeast carriage correlates with presence of oral epithelial dysplasia. Oral Oncol 38:391-393.

496. Samaranayake LP, MacFarlane TW, editors (1990). Oral candidosis. London: Butterworth.

497. Lacey CJ, Dutton S, Smith RA, Walmsley RM, Wilkinson BM, Evans EG, et al. (1995). The oncogenic potential of Candida in the female genital tract. Int J Gynecol Cancer 5:8-14

498. Dupperat B Puissant A, Kuffer R, Badillet G, Lamberton JN, Serny J, (1977)Deux cas de candidose chronique avec macroglossite et macrocheilite sclérosante. Ann Dermatol Venerol, 104: 761-764 

499. Reichart PA, Weigel D, Schmidt-Westhausen A, Pohle H-D (1997). Exfoliative cheilitis (EC) in AIDS: association with Candida infection. J Oral Pathol Med 26: 290 293.

500. Reade PC, Rich Am, Hay KD, Radden BG. Cheilo-candidosis − a possible clinical entity. Report of 5 cases. Br Dent J 1982; 152(9):305-8

501. Terai H, Shimahara M. Cheilitis as a variation of Candida-associated lesions. Oral Dis. 2006 May;12(3):349-52.

502. Hatchuel DA, Peters E, Lemmer J, Hille JJ, McGaw WT. Candidal infection in oral lichen planus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1990 Aug;70(2):172-5.

503. Lundstrom IM, Anneroth GB, Holmberg K. Candida in patients with oral lichen planus. Int J Oral Surg. 1984 Jun;13(3):226-38.

504. van der Waal RI, Schulten EA, van de Scheur MR, Wauters IM, Starink TM, van der Waal I. Cheilitis granulomatosa. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2001 Nov;15(6):519-23. Review.

505. Brook IM, King DJ, Miller ID. Chronic granulomatous cheilitis and its relationship to Crohn’s disease. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1983: 56: 405-408.

506. Misra S, Ament ME. Orofacial lesions in Crohn’s disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1996: 91: 1651-1653.

507. Ridder GJ, Fradis M, Lohle E. Cheilitis granulomatosa Miescher: treatment with clofazimine and review of the literature. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2001 Oct;110(10):964-7.

508. Alkan A, Metin M. Maxillary double lip: report of two cases. J Oral Sci. 2001 Mar;43(1):69-72

509. Cohen MM Jr. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome: historical, clinicopathological, and etiopathogenetic perspectives. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2005 May-Jun;8(3):287-304

510. Padgham ND, Bingham BJ, Purdue BN. Episodic macroglossia in Down's syndrome. J Laryngol Otol. 1990 Jun;104(6):494-6.

511. Emmanouil-Nikoloussi EN, Kerameos-Foroglou C. Developmental malformations of human tongue and associated syndromes (review). Bull Group Int Rech Sci Stomatol Odontol. 1992 Mar-Jun;35(1-2):5-12.

512. Vogel JE, Mulliken JB, Kaban LB. Macroglossia: a review of the condition and a new classification. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1986 Dec;78(6):715-23.

513. Cawson RA (1966a). Chronic oral candidiasis and leukoplakia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 22:582-591.

514. Cawson RA, Lehner T (1968). Chronic hyperplastic candidosis-candidal leukoplakia. Br J Dermatol 80:9-16.

515. Pindborg JJ, Reibel J, Roed-Petersen B, Mehta FS (1980). Tobaccoinducedchanges in oral leukoplakic epithelium. Cancer 45:2330-2336.

516. Williams DW, Potts AJ, Wilson MJ, Matthews JB, Lewis MA (1997). Characterisation of the inflammatory cell infiltrate in chronic hyperplastic candidosis of the oral mucosa. J Dent Res 75:1144.

517. Sitheeque MA, Samaranayake LP. Chronic hyperplastic candidosis/candidiasis (candidal leukoplakia). Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2003;14(4):253-67.

518. Williams DW, Jones HS, Allison RT, Potts AJ, Lewis MA (1998). Immunocytochemical detection of Candida albicans in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded material. J Clin Pathol 51:857-859.

519. Merz WG, Sandford G, Evans GLClinical evaluation of the addition of gentamicin to commercially prepared mycological media. J Clin Microbiol. 1976 May;3(5):496-500

520. Stedham MA, Kelley DC, Coles EH. Modified Pagano Levin medium to isolate Candida species. Appl Microbiol. 1966 Jul;14(4):525-8.

521. Salkin IF. New medium for differentiation of Candida albicans from Candida stellatoidea. J Clin Microbiol. 1979 Apr;9(4):551-3.

522. Elena Eraso, María D. Moragues, María Villar-Vidal, Ismail H. Sahand, Nagore González-Gómez, José Pontón, and Guillermo Quindós Evaluation of the New Chromogenic Medium Candida ID 2 for Isolation and Identification of Candida albicans and Other Medically Important Candida Species Clin Microbiol. 2006 September; 44(9): 3340–3345.

523. Sullivan D. J., D.C. Coleman et al. Candida dubliniensis: An update 1999. Rev. Iberoam Micol.,16 : 72-76.

524 Koehler AP, Chu KC, Houang ET, Cheng AF. Simple, Reliable, and Cost-Effective Yeast Identification
Scheme for the Clinical Laboratory 1999. J Clin Microbiol. 1999 Feb;37(2):422-6.

525. Willinger B., Manafi M. Evaluation of CHROMagar Candida for rapid screening of clinical specimens for Candida species. 1999. Mycoses, 42 : 61-65.

526. Martin MV, Schneidau JD Jr. A simple and reliable assimilation test for the identification of candida species. Am J Clin Pathol. 1970 Jun;53(6):875-9

527. Taschdjian CL, Burchall JJ, Kozinn PJ. Rapid identification of Candida albicans by filamentation on serum and serum substitutes. AMA J Dis Child. 1960 Feb;99:212-5

528. Staib P, Morschhä J. Chlamydospore formation on Staib agar as a species- specific characteristic on Candida dubliniensis. Mycoses 1999; 42: 521–4.

529. Mosaid AA, Sullivan DJ, Coleman DC. Differentiation of Candida dubliniensis from Candida albicans on Pal’s Agar. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 4787–9.

530. Mosca CO, Moragues MD, Llovo J, Mosaid AA, Coleman DC, Ponto´n J. Casein agar: a useful medium for differentiating Candida dubliniensis from Candida albicans. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 1259–62.

531. Khan ZU, Ahmad S, Mokaddas E, Chandy R. Tobacco agar, a new medium for differentiating Candida dubliniensis from Candida albicans. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 4796–8.

532. Grillot, R. 1996. Les mycoses humaines: de´marche diagnostique. Elsevier, Paris, France.

533. Fenn, J. P., H. Segal, L. Blevins, S. Fawson, P. Newcomb-Gayman, and K. C. Carroll. 1996. Comparison of the Murex Candida albicans CA 50 test with germ tube production for identification of C. albicans. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 24:31–35.

534. Brawner, D. L., and J. E. Cutler. 1984. Variability in expression of a cell surface determinant on Candida albicans evidenced by an agglutinating monoclonal antibody. Infect. Immun. 43:966–972.

535. Hopwood, V., D. Poulain, B. Fortier, G. Evans, and A. Vernes. 1986. A monoclonal antibody to a cell wall component of Candida albicans. Infect. Immun. 54:222–227.

536. Miyakawa, Y., K. Kagaya, Y. Fukazawa, and G. Soe. 1986. Production and characterization of agglutinating monoclonal antibodies against predominant antigenic factors of Candida albicans. J. Clin. Microbiol. 23:881–886.

537. Polonelli, L., and G. Morace. 1986. Specific and common antigenic determinants of Candida albicans isolates detected by monoclonal antibody. J. Clin. Microbiol. 23:366–368.

538. Shinoda, T., L. Kaufman, and A. A. Padhye. 1981. Comparative evaluation of the Iatron serological Candida check kit and the API 20C kit for the identification of medically important Candida species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 13:513– 518.

539. Taguchi, M., M. Tsukiji, and T. Tsuchiya. 1979. Rapid identification of yeasts by serological methods. A combined serological and biological method. Sabouraudia 17:185–191.

540. Freydiere, A. M., L. Buchaille, R. Guinet, and Y. Gille. 1997. Evaluation of latex reagents for rapid identification of Candida albicans and C. krusei colonies. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:877–880.

541. Marot-Leblond A, Grimaud L, David S, Sullivan DJ, Coleman DC, Ponton J, Robert R. Evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic assay for identification of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis. J Clin Microbiol. 2004 Nov;42(11):4956-60.

542. Crist AE Jr, Dietz TJ, Kampschroer K. Comparison of the MUREX C. albicans, Albicans-Sure, and BactiCard Candida test kits with the germ tube test for presumptive identification of Candida albicans. J Clin Microbiol. 1996 Oct;34(10):2616-8

543. Pagano, J., J. D. Levin, and W. Trejo. 1958. Diagnostic medium for differentiation of species of Candida. Antibiotics Annu. 1957-1958:137-143.

544. Denny MJ, Partridge BM. Tetrazolium medium as an aid in the routine diagnosis in Candida. J Clin Pathol. 1968 May;21(3):383-6. 

545. Freydiere AM, Buchaille L, Guinet R, Gille Y. Evaluation of latex reagents for rapid identification of Candida albicans and C. krusei colonies. J Clin Microbiol. 1997 Apr;35(4):877-80

546. Marot-Leblond A, Beucher B, David S, Nail-Billaud S, Robert R. Development and evaluation of a rapid latex agglutination test using a monoclonal antibody to identify Candida dubliniensis colonies. J Clin Microbiol. 2006 Jan;44(1):138-42

547. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Gibbs DL, Newell VA, Meis JF, Gould IM, Fu W, Colombo AL, Rodriguez-Noriega E; Global Antifungal Surveillance StudyResults from the ARTEMIS DISK Global Antifungal Surveillance study, 1997 to 2005: an 8.5-year analysis of susceptibilities of Candida species and other yeast species to fluconazole and voriconazole determined by CLSI standardized disk diffusion testing. J Clin Microbiol. 2007 Jun;45(6):1735-45. Epub 2007 Apr 18

548. Willinger B, Wein S, Hirschl AM, Rotter ML, Manafi M. Comparison of a new commercial test, GLABRATA RTT, with a dipstick test for rapid identification of Candida glabrata. J Clin Microbiol. 2005 Jan;43(1):499-501.

549. Freydiere AM, Perry JD, Faure O, Willinger B, Tortorano AM, Nicholson A, Peman J, Verweij PE. Routine use of a commercial test, GLABRATA RTT, for rapid identification of Candida glabrata in six laboratories. J Clin Microbiol. 2004 Oct;42(10):4870-2. 

550. Freydiere AM, Robert R, Ploton C, Marot-Leblond A, Monerau F, Vandenesch F. Rapid identification of Candida glabrata with a new commercial test, GLABRATA RTT. J Clin Microbiol. 2003 Aug;41(8):3861-3.

551. Liguori G, Lucariello A, Colella G, De Luca A, Marinelli P. Microbiological and immunological features of oral candidiasis. Microbiol Immunol. 2007;51(8):713-9. 

552. Trousseau U. Lectures on clinical medicine delivered at the Hotel-Dieu Paris. London: New Sydenham Society, 1869.

553. Klein, R.S., Harris, C.A., Small, C.B., Moll, B., Lesser, M. & Friedland, G.H. (1984) Oral candidiasis in high-risk patients as the initial manifestation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 311, 354–358.

554. Guggenheimer, J., Moore, P.A., Rossie, K., Myers, D., Mongelluzzo, M.B., Block, H.M., Weyant, R. & Orchard, T. (2000) Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and oral soft tissue pathologies: II. Prevalence and characteristics of Candida and Candidal lesions. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontics, 89, 570–576.

555. Hughes WT. Candidiasis. In: Feigin RD, Cherry JD, eds. Textbook of pediatric infectious diseases. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1992:1907-16.

556. Kozinn PJ, Taschdjian CL, Wiener H, Dragutsky D, Minsky A. Neonatal candidiasis. Pediatr Clin North Am 1960;5:803-15.

557. Jennison RF. Thrush in infancy. Arch Dis Child 1977;52:747-9.

558. Hoppe JE.Treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis and candidal diaper dermatitis in neonates and infants: review and reappraisal. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1997 Sep;16(9):885-94.

559. Fitzpatrick RE, Newcomer VD. Candidiasis. In: Feigin RD, Cherry JD, eds. Textbook of pediatric infectious diseases. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1992:805-16.

560. Schwarze R, Blaschke-Hellmessen R, Hinkel GK, Hoffmann H, Weigl I. Untersuchungen zur Soorprophylaxe Neugeborener. Kinderarztl Prax 1976;44:305-14.

561. Zimmerman LE (1955). Fatal fungus infections complicating other diseases. Am J Clin Pathol 25:46-65.

562. S.R. Lockhart, S. Joly, K. Vargas, J. Swails-Wenger, L. Enger, D.R. SollNatural Defenses against Candida Colonization Breakdown in the Oral Cavities of the ElderlyJ Dent Res 78(4): 857-868, April, 1999

563. Burns EA, Goodwin JS. Immunodeficiency of aging. Drugs Aging 1997;11(5): 374-97.

564. LeMaoult J, Szabo P, Weksler ME. Effect of age on humoral immunity, selection of the B-cell repertoire and B-cell development. Immunol Rev 1997;160:115-26.

565. Mountz JD, Wu J, Zhou T, Hsu HC. Cell death and longevity: implications of Fasmediated apoptosis in T-cell senescence. Immunol Rev 1997;160:19-30.

566. Song H, Price PW, Cerny J. Age-related changes in antibody repertoire: contribution from T cells. Immunol Rev 1997;160:55-62.

567. Primary immunodeficiency diseases. Report of a WHO Scientific Group. Clin Exp Immunol. 1995 Jan;99 Suppl 1:1-24. Review. No abstract available. 

568. Porter SR, Scully C. Orofacial manifestations in the primary immunodeficiency disorders. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1994;78(1):4-13.

569. Elhasid R, Etzioni A. Major histocompatibility complex class II deficiency: a clinical review. Blood Rev 1996;10(4):242-8.

570. Kirkpatrick CH. Host factors in defense against fungal infections. Am J Med. 1984 Oct 30;77(4D):1-12.

571. Samson J, Carrel JP, Lombardi T, Candidoses buccales et infection à VIH, Med Buccales Chir Buccale 1998, 4 :137-150

572. Ship JA, Vissink A, Challacombe SJ. Use of prophylactic antifungals in the immunocompromised host. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007 Mar;103 Suppl:S6.e1-14

573. Ship JA, Hu K. Radiotherapy-induced salivary dysfunction. Semin Oncol 2004;31(6 Suppl 18):29-36.

574. Vissink A, Burlage FR, Spijkervet FK, Jansma J, Coppes RP. Prevention and treatment of the consequences of head and neck radiotherapy. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2003;14(3):213-25

575. Jensen SB, Pedersen AM, Reibel J, Nauntofte B. Xerostomia and hypofunction of the salivary glands in cancer therapy. Support Care Cancer 2003;11(4):207-25.

576. Amerongen AV, Veerman EC. Saliva—the defender of the oral cavity. Oral Dis 2002;8(1):12-22.

577. Belazi M, Velegraki A, Koussidou-Eremondi T, Andreadis D, Hini S, Arsenis G, et al. Oral Candida isolates in patients
undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck cancer: prevalence, azole susceptibility profiles and response to antifungal treatment. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2004;19(6):347-51

578. Stokman MA, Spijkervet FK, Burlage FR, Dijkstra PU, Manson WL, de Vries EG, et al. Oral mucositis and selective elimination of oral flora in head and neck cancer patients receiving radiotherapy: a double-blind randomised clinical trial. Br J Cancer 2003;88(7):1012-6.

579. Reichart PA. Oral manifestations in HIV infection: fungal and bacterial infections, Kaposi’s sarcoma. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 2003;192(3):165-9.

580. de Repentigny L, Lewandowski D, Jolicoeur P. Immunopathogenesis of oropharyngeal candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004;17(4):729-59, table of contents.

581. Costeas PA, Koumouli A, Giantsiou-Kyriakou A, et al. Th2/Th3 cytokine genotypes are associated with pregnancy loss. Human Immunology 2004; 65:135–41.

582. Gaunt G, Ramin K. Immunological tolerance of the human fetus. Am J Perinatol 2001; 18:299–312.

583. Poole J, Claman HN. Immunology of pregnancy: implications for the mother. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2004; 26:161–70.

584. Krasnow J, Tollerud D, Naus G, et al. Endometrial Th2 cytokine expression throughout menstrual cycle and early pregnancy. Human Reproduction 1996; 11:1747–54.

585. Elenkov I, Wilder R, Bakalov V, et al. IL-12, TNF-alpha, and hormonal changes during late pregnancy and early postpartum: implications for autoimmune disease activity during these times. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86:4933–8.

586. Koguchi Y, Kawakami K. Cryptococcal infection and Th1-Th2 cytokine balance. Int Rev Immunol 2002; 21:423–38.

587.Singh N, Perfect JR, Immune Reconstitution Syndrome and Exacerbation of Infections after Pregnancy, Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Nov 1;45(9):1192-9.

588. Sarifakioglu E, Gunduz C, Gorpelioglu C. Oral mucosa manifestations in 100 pregnant versus non-pregnant patients: an epidemiological observational study. Eur J Dermatol. 2006 Nov-Dec;16(6):674-6. 

589. Walsh H, Hildebrandt RJ, Prystowsky H. Candidial vaginitis associated with the use of oral progestational agents. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1965 Nov 15;93(6):904-5. 

590. Morris CA. The influence of oral contraceptives on the presence and persistence of Candida albicans and beta-haemolytic Streptococci in the vagina. J Clin Pathol. 1968 Nov;21(6):791

591. Cetin M, Ocak S, Gungoren A, Hakverdi AU. Distribution of Candida species in women with vulvovaginal symptoms and their association with different ages and contraceptive methods. Scand J Infect Dis. 2007;39(6-7):584-8. 

592. Corsello S, Spinillo A, Osnengo G, Penna C, Guaschino S, Beltrame A, Blasi N, Festa A. An epidemiological survey of vulvovaginal candidiasis in Italy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2003 Sep 10;110(1):66-72. 

593. Kim A. Brogden and Janet M. Guthmiller,Polymicrobial Diseases, ASM Press, 2002, 

593. Darwazeh AM, Lamey PJ, Samaranayake LP, MacFarlane TW, Fisher BM, Macrury SM et al. The relationship between colonisation, secretor status and in-vitro adhesion of Candida albicans to buccal epithelial cells from diabetics. J Med Microbiol 1990; 33: 43–49.

594. Willis AM, Coulter WA, Sullivan DJ, Coleman DC, Hayes JR, Bell PM et al. Isolation of C. dubliniensis from insulin-using diabetes mellitus patients. J Oral Pathol Med 2000; 29: 86–90.

595. Hill LV, Tan MH, Pereira LH, Embil JA. Association of oral candidiasis with diabetic control. J Clin Pathol 1989; 42: 502–505.

596. Samaranayake LP. Host factors and oral candidosis. In: Samaranayake, LP, MacFarlane, TW, eds. Oral Candidosis. London: Wright 1990: 66–103.

597, Soysa NS, Samaranayake LP, Ellepola AN. Diabetes mellitus as a contributory factor in oral candidosis. Diabet Med. 2006 May;23(5):455-9

598. Darwazeh AM, MacFarlane TW, MacCuish AC, Lamey PJ. Mixed salivary glucose levels and candidal carriage in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Oral Pathol Med 1991; 20: 280–283.

599. Brownlee M, Cerami A, Vlassara H. Advanced glycosylation end products in tissue and the biochemical basis of diabetic complications. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 1315–1321.

600. Quirino MR, Birman EG, Paula CR. Oral manifestations of diabetes mellitus in controlled and uncontrolled patients. Braz Dent J 1995; 6: 131–136.

601. Samaranayake LP. Nutritional factors and oral candidosis. J Oral Pathol. 1986 Feb;15(2):61-5.

602. Pizzo G, Giuliana G, Milici ME, Giangreco R. Effect of dietary carbohydrates on the in vitro epithelial adhesion of Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Candida krusei. New Microbiol. 2000 Jan;23(1):63-71.

603. Farthing MJG. Iron and immunity. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl 1989;361:44-52.

604. Lu SY, Wu HC. Initial diagnosis of anemia from sore mouth and improved classification of anemias by MCV and RDW in 30 patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2004 Dec;98(6):679-85.

605. Field EA, Speechley JA, Rugman FR, Varga E, Tyldesley WR. Oral signs and symptoms in patients with undiagnosed vitamin B12 deficiency. J Oral Pathol Med. 1995 Nov;24(10):468-70

606. Jenkins WM, Macfarlane TW, Ferguson MM, Mason DK. Nutritional deficiency in oral candidosis. Int J Oral Surg. 1977 Aug;6(4):204-10.

607. Tenovuo J. Antimicrobial function of human saliva—how important is it for oral health? Acta Odontol Scand 1998;56:250-6.

608. Davies AN, Brailsford SR, Beighton D. Oral candidosis in patients with advanced cancer. Oral Oncol. 2006 Aug;42(7):698-702. Epub 2006 Mar 9.


609.  Diaz-Arnold AM, Marek CA. The impact of saliva on patient care: A literature review. J Prosthet Dent. 2002 Sep;88(3):337-43.

610. Narhi TO, Meurman JH, Ainamo A. Xerostomia and hyposalivation: causes, consequences and treatment in the elderly. Drugs Aging 1999;15: 103-16.


611. Fardal O, Turnbull RS (1986). A review of the literature on useof chlorhexidine in dentistry. J Am Dent Assoc 112: 863–869.

612. Epstein JB (1990). Antifungal therapy in oropharyngeal mycotic infections. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 69: 32–41

613. Ellepola AN, Samaranayake LP. Adjunctive use of chlorhexidine in oral candidoses: a review. Oral Dis. 2001 Jan;7(1):11-7.

614. Related Articles, Shiboski CH, Hodgson TA, Ship JA, Schiødt M. Management of salivary hypofunction during and after radiotherapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007 Mar;103 Suppl:S66.e1-19

615. Chambers MS, Rosenthal DI, Weber RS. Radiation-induced xerostomia. Head Neck. 2007 Jan;29(1):58-63

616. Related Articles, Scully C, Bagan JV. Adverse drug reactions in the orofacial region. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2004 Jul 1;15(4):221-39.

617. Related Articles, Scully CDrug effects on salivary glands: dry mouth. Oral Dis. 2003 Jul;9(4):165-76. 

618. Related Articles, Nagler RM, Nagler A. The molecular basis of salivary gland involvement in graft--vs.--host disease. J Dent Res. 2004 Feb;83(2):98-103. 

619. Related Articles, Woo SB, Lee SJ, Schubert MM. Graft-vs.-host disease. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 1997;8(2):201-16.

620. Barbeau J, Séguin J, Goulet JP, Koninck L, Avon SL, Lalonde B, et al. Reassessing the presence of Candida albicans in denture related stomatitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003;95:51-9.

621. Odman PA. The effectiveness of an enzyme containing denture cleaner. Quintessence Int 1992;23:187–90.

622. Stafford GD, Arendorf GD, Huggett R. The effect of overnight drying and water immersion on candidal colonisation and properties of complete dentures. J Dent 1986;14:52–6.

623. 

624. 

625. Abu-EI Teen K, Ghannum M, Stretton RI (1989). Effects of sub-inhibitory concentrations of antifungal agents on adherence of Candida spp. to buccal epithelial cells in vitro. Mycoses 32:551-562.

626. Ellepola ANB, Samaranayake LP, Oral candidal infections and antimycotics, Crit Rev Oral Biol Med, 11(2): 172-198 (2000)

627. Lambert H, O'Grady FW (1992). Antifungal agents. In: Antibiotics and chemotherapy. Lambert H, O'Grady FW, editors. London: Churchill Livingstone, pp. 27-37. 

628. Lesse Al (1995). Antifungal agents. In: Essentials of pharmacology. Smith CM, Reynard A, editors. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, pp. 404-411.

629. Greenspan D (1994). Treatment of oropharyngeal candidosis in HIV-positive patients. I Am Acad Dermatol 31 :S5 -S55.

630. Gombert ME, du Bouchet L, Aulicino TM, Butt KM (1987). A comparison of clotrimazole troches and oral nystatin suspension in recipients of renal transplants. I Am Med Assoc 258:2553-2558.

631. Martin MV (1990). Antifungal agents. In: Oral candidosis. Samaranayake LP, MacFarlane TW, editors. London: Wright, pp. 238-255. 

632. renciaglia MI, Ghezzi MC, Cipriani P, Mancini C, Trancassini M (1986). The influence of antifungal drugs on adhesion of C. albicans to buccal epithelial cells. Chemotherapy 5:200-203. 

633. Johnson EM, Richardson MD, Warnock DW (1983). Effect of imidazole antifungals on the development of germ tubes by strains of C. albicans. J Antimicrob Chemother 12:303-316.

634. Dias AP, Samaranayake LP, Lee MT (1997). Miconazole lacquer in the treatment of denture stomatitis: clinical and microbiological findings in Chinese patients. Clin Oral Invest 1:47-52.

635. Silverman S, Gallo 1W, McKnight ML, Mayer P, deSanz S, Tan MM (1996). Clinical characteristics and management responses in 85 HIV-infected patients with oral candidiasis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol

636. Van't Wout 1W (1996). Fluconazole treatment of candidal infections caused by non-albicans Candida species. Eur I Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 15:238-243

637. Samaranayake LP (1997). C. krusei infections and fluconazole therapy. Hong Kong Med 1 3:312-314.

638. White TC, Marr KA, Bowden RA (1998). Clinical, cellular and molecular factors that contribute to antifungal drug resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 11:382-402.

639. Dupont B, Drouhet E (1988). Fluconazole in the management of oropharyngeal candidosis in a predominantly HIV antibody-positive group of patients. I Med Vet Mycol 26:67-71.

640. Goodman IL, Winston DI, Greenfield RA, Chandrasekar PH, Fox B, Kaizer H, et al. (1992). A controlled trial of fluconazole to prevent fungal infections in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. N Engl I Med 326:845-851.

641. Ninane 1, Gluckman E, Hann I, Gibson BS, Stevens RF (1994). A multicentre study of fluconazole versus oral polyenes in the prevention of fungal infection in children with hematological or oncological malignancies. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 13:330337.

642. Winston DI, Chandrasekar PH, Lazarus HM, Goodman IL, Silber IL, Horowitz H, et al. (1993). Fluconazole prophylaxis of fungal infection in patients with acute leukemia. Results of a randomized placebocontrolled, double-blind, multicenter trial. Ann Intern Med 118:495-503.

643. Napier SS, MacDonald DG, Lamey Pl (1996). Cheilocandidosis in an adult. Br Dent 1 181:336 338. 

644. Van Cutsem 1 (1994). Prophylaxis of Candida and  Aspergillus infections with oral administration of itra-  conazole. Mycoses 37:243-248.


645. Ruhnke M, Eigler A, Tennagen I, Geiseler B, Engelmann E, Trautmann M (1994). Emergence of fluconazole resistant strains of C. albicans in patients with recur-rent oropharyngeal candidosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection. I Clin Microbiol 32:2092-2098.

646. Phillips P, Zemcov 1, Mahmood W, Montaner JSG, Craib  K, Clarke AM (1996). Itraconazole cyclodextrin solution for fluconazole-refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis in AIDS: correlation of clinical response  with in vitro susceptibility. AIDS 10: 1369-1376.

647. Eichel M, Just-Nubling G, Helm EB, Stille W (1996). Itraconazole suspension in the treatment of HIV-infected patients with fluconazole-resistant oropharyngeal candidiasis and esophagitis. Mycoses 39:102-106. 

648. Smith DE, Midgley J, Allan M, Connolly GM, Gazzard BG (1988). Itraconazole versus ketoconazole in the treatment of oral and esophageal candidosis in patients infected with HIV. AIDS 5:1367-1371.

649. Blatchford NR (1990). Treatment of oral candidosis with itraconazole: a review. I Am Acad Dermatol 23:565-567.   

650. ROBERT A. FROMTLING Overview of Medically Important Antifungal Azole Derivatives CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS, Apr. 1988, p. 187-217

651. Espinel-Ingroff A, Boyle K, Sheehan D. In vitro antifungal activities of  voriconazole and reference agents as determined by NCCLS methods: review of the literature. Mycopathologia 2001;150:101–15. 

652. Theuretzbacher U, Ihle F, Derendorf H. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile of voriconazole. Clin Pharmacokinet 2006;45:649–63. 

653. Petrikkos G, Skiada A. Recent advances in antifungal chemotherapy. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2007 Aug;30(2):108-17.

654. Law D, Moore CB, Denning DW. Activity of SCH 56592 com-  pared with those of fluconazole and itraconazole against Candida spp.  Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997;41:2310–1.

655 Galgiani JN, Lewis ML. In vitro studies of activities of the antifungal  triazoles SCH 56592 and itraconazole against Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, and other pathogenic yeasts. Antimicrob Agents  Chemother 1997;41:180–3. 

656. Oakley KL, Moore CB, Denning DW. In vitro activity of SCH-  56592 and comparison with activities of amphotericin B and itraconazole against Aspergillus spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997;41:1124–6.

657. Marco F, Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Jones RN. In vitro activity of a  new triazole antifungal agent, SCH 56592, against clinical isolates of filamentous fungi. Mycopathologia 1998;141:73–7. 

658. Gonzalez GM, Fothergill AW, Sutton DA, et al. In vitro activities of  new and established triazoles against opportunistic filamentous and dimorphic fungi. Med Mycol 2005;43:281–4.

659. Vazquez JA, Skiest DJ, Nieto L, et al. A multicenter randomized  trial evaluating posaconazole versus fluconazole for the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in subjects with HIV/AIDS. Clin Infect Dis  2006;42:1179–86.

660. Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Hollis RJ, et al. In vitro activities of ravuconazole and voriconazole compared with those of four approved systemic antifungal agents against 6,970 clinical isolates of Candida spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:1723–7.

661. Petrikkos G, Skiada A. Recent advances in antifungal chemotherapy. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2007 Aug;30(2):108-17

662. Nyfeler R, Keller SW. Metabolics of microorganisms. Echinocandin B, a novel polypeptide-antibiotic from Aspergillus nidulans var. echinulatus: isolation and structural components. Helv Chim Acta 1974;57:2459–77.

663. Onishi J, Meinz M, Thompson J, et al. Discovery of novel antifungal (1,3)-d-glucan synthase inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:368–77.

664. Park S, Kelly R, Nielsen Kahn J, et al. Specific substitutions in the echinocandin target Fks1p account for reduced susceptibility of rare laboratory and clinical Candida sp. isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:3264–73.

665. Colombo AL, Perfect J, DiNubile M, et al. Global distribution and outcomes for Candida species causing invasive candidiasis: results from an international randomized double-blind study of caspofungin versus amphotericin B for the treatment of invasive candidiasis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2003;22:470–4.

666. Moudgal V, Little T, Bolkov D, Vazquez JA. Multiechinocandin- and multiazole-resistant Candida parapsilosis isolates serially obtained during therapy for prosthetic valve endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:767–9.

667. Villanueva A, Gotuzzo E, Arathoon EG, et al. A randomized doubleblind study of caspofungin versus fluconazole for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis. Am J Med 2002;113:294–9.

668. Arathoon EG, Gotuzzo E, Noriega LM, et al. Randomized, doubleblind, multicenter study of caspofungin versus amphotericin B for treatment of oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:451–7.

669. Villanueva A, Arathoon EG, Gotuzzo E, et al. A randomized doubleblind study of caspofungin versus amphotericin B for the treatment of candidal esophagitis. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:1529–35.


670. de Wet NT, Bester AJ, Viljoen JJ, et al. A randomized, double blind, comparative trial of micafungin (FK463) vs. fluconazole for the treatment of oesophageal candidiasis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005;21:899–907.

671. Pettengell K, Mynhardt J, Kluyts T, et al. Successful treatment of oesophageal candidiasis by micafungin: a novel systemic antifungal agent. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;20:475–81.

672. deWet N, Llanos-Cuentas A, Suleiman J, et al. A randomized, doubleblind, parallel-group, dose–response study of micafungin compared with fluconazole for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis in HIVpositive patients. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:842–9.

673. Denning DW. Echinocandin antifungal drugs. Lancet. 2003 Oct 4;362(9390):1142-51.

674. Dowell JA, Knebel W, Ludden T, et al. Population pharmacokinetic analysis of anidulafungin, an echinocandin antifungal. J Clin Pharmacol 2004;44:590–8.

675. Arévalo MP, Carillo-Mu˜noz AJ, Salgado J, et al. Antifungal activity of the echinocandin anidulafungin (VER002,LY-303366) against yeast pathogens: a comparative study with M27-A microdilution method. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;51:163– 6.

676. Reboli AC et al. Anidulafungin versus fluconazole for invasive candidiasis. N Eng J Med 2007;356(24):2472-82.

677. www.emea.europa.eu/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/ecalta/H-788-fr1.pdf

678. Ryder, N. S., G. Seidl, and P. Troke. 1984. Effect of the antimycotic drug naftifine on growth of and sterol biosynthesis in Candida albicans. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 25:483–487.

679. Ryder, N., and B. Favre. 1997. Antifungal activity and mechanism of action of terbinafine. Rev. Contemp. Pharmacother. 8:275–287.

680. Milillo L, Lo Muzio L, Carlino P, Serpico R, Coccia E, Scully C. Candida-related denture stomatitis: a pilot study of the efficacy of an amorolfine antifungal varnish. Int J Prosthodont. 2005 Jan-Feb;18(1):55-9.

681. Ghannoum MA, Elewski B Successful treatment of fluconazole-resistant oropharyngeal candidiasis by a combination of fluconazole and terbinafine. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1999 Nov;6(6):921-3.

682. Hauser, D.; Sigg, H.P Isolation and decomposition of sordarin. Helv. Chim. Acta, 1971;54(4):1178-90

683. Kamai Y, Kakuta M, Shibayama T, Fukuoka T, Kuwahara S. Antifungal activities of R-135853, a sordarin derivative, in experimental candidiasis in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 Jan;49(1):52-6.

684. Dominguez, J. M., V. A. Kelly, O. S. Kinsman, M. S. Marriott, F. Gomez de las Heras, and J. J. Martin. 1998. Sordarins: a new class of antifungals with selective inhibition of the protein synthesis elongation cycle in yeasts. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42:2274–2278.

685.  Lóránd T, Kocsis B. Recent advances in antifungal agents. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2007 Sep;7(9):900-11. 

686. Basilio A, Justice M, Harris G, Bills G, Collado J, de la Cruz M, Diez MT, Hernandez P, Liberator P, Nielsen kahn J, Pelaez F, Platas G, Schmatz D, Shastry M, Tormo JR, Andersen GR, Vicente F.
The discovery of moriniafungin, a novel sordarin derivative produced by Morinia pestalozzioides. Bioorg Med Chem. 2006 Jan 15;14(2):560-6.

687. Budtz-Jörgensen E, Löe H. Chlorhexidine as a denture disinfectant in the treatment of denture stomatitis. Scand J Dent Res. 1972;80(6):457-64.

688. Ellepola ANB, Samaranayake LP (1999a). In vitro postantifungal effect (PAFE) elicited by chlorhexidine gluconate on oral isolates of Candida albicans. Microb Ecol Health Dis 11: 143-148.

689. McCourtie J, MacFarlane TW, Samaranayake LP (1986). A comparison of the effects of chlorhexidine gluconate, amphotericin B and nystatin on the adherence of Candida species to denture acrylic. I Antimicrob Chemother 17:575-583.

690. McCourtie J, MacFarlane TW, Samaranayake LP (1985). Effect of chlorhexidine gluconate on the adherence of Candida species to denture acrylic. J Med Microbiol 20:97-104.
 
691. Kamalakshi BA, Santarpia PR, Pollack I1, Renner RP (1992). Assessment of antimicrobial treatment of denture stomatitis using an in vivo replica model system: therapeutic efficacy of an oral rinse. I Prosthet Dent 67:72-77.

692. Giuliana G, Pizzo G, Milici ME, Musotto GC, Giangreco R (1997). In vitro antifungal properties of mouth rinses
containing antimicrobial agents. I Periodontol 68:729-733.

693. Barkvoll P, Attramadal A (1989). Effect of nystatin and chlorhexidine gluconate on C. albicans. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 67:279-281.

694. Pappagianis, D., M. S. Collins, R. Hector, and J. Remington. 1979. Development of resistance to amphotericin B in Candida
lusitaniae infecting a human. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 16:123-126.

695. Vazquez, J. A., M. T. Arganoza, D. Boikov, S. Yoon, J. D. Sobel, and R. A. Akins. 1998. Stable phenotypic resistance of Candida species to amphotericin B conferred by preexposure to subinhibitory levels of azoles. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:2690–2695.


Retour à la table des matières.
Les_candidoses.htmlshapeimage_2_link_0